question: who is brenda milner?
- ## female neuroscientist
question: where is temporal lobe?
- anterior to occipital
- between lateral/sylvian fissure
name: structures of temporal lobe
- 3 divisions
⤷ superior, middle, inferior temporal gyri - subcortical temporal circuit:
⤷ amygdala
⤷ hippocampus
⤷ cingulate cortex - also has insula, gustatory cortex, aud. assoc. cortex
explain: hippocampus (role, damage?)
- memory + navigation
- involved in functional connectivity
⤷ functional integration between spatially separated brain regions
DAMAGE
- Alzheimer’s + other forms of dementia
⤷ short term memory loss + disorientation
- lose the ability to form + retain new memories
explain: alzheimer’s disease
- irreversible
- destroys brain cells (neurodegeneration)
- deteriorates thinking ability + memory
- not a func. of aging
- not always memory tissue
- can decline non-memory aspects of cognition
⤷ vision issues
⤷ impaired reasoning + judgement
question: alzheimers vs dementia
- dementia = general term for group of cognitive and neurological issues
⤷ cause enough severe enough decline to interfere w/ daily functioning - not a specific disease
⤷ is a syndrome w/ combination of symptoms - assoc. w/ aging but can be in younger ppl
**alzheimers = disease -> loss of tissue -> deteriorates memory + other aspects of cognition
explain: insula
- subdivision of temporal lobe
- inferior to lateral fissure
- integrates various senses
- involved in interoception
⤷ pain, emotion, self
explain: gustatory cortex
- in temporal lobe
- taste
⤷ differentiating indiv. tasts
explain: auditory association cortex
- in temporal lobe
- puts together indiv. parts of auditory info
question: what does cingulate cortex do?
- combines info from all lobes
⤷ sends info to frontal lobe
question: what activates FFA vs PPA in fMRI?
- FFA = fusiform face area = close up of faces
- PPA = parahippocampal place area = panoramic view
**fMRI monitors cortical activity
explain: thatcher illusion
- present 2 images of faces upside down
⤷ one w/ facial features upside down - won’t perceive the wrong features
⤷ bc don’t process it like a normal face - shows we use specialized systems (FFA) for facial recog.
explain: struc. involved in face perception
FUSIFORM FACE AREA
- invariant aspects of faces
⤷ perception of unique identity
STS
- changeable aspects of faces
⤷ perception of eye gaze, expression, lip mvt.
ANTERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX
- personal identity (name, bio info)
**inferior occipital gyri = early perception of facial features
define: beat vs rhythm
BEAT
- heart beat of the song
- steady sound that repeats over and over
RHYTHM
- how diff. sounds + notes are arranged
- pattern of the music
define: loudness, timbre, pitch
- loudness = magnitude of sensation
- timbre = distinctive charac. of a sound
- pitch = position of sound in musical scale
⤷ related to freq. (rate of vibration)
question: where in the brain processes rhythm and beat?
- rhythm = L temporal lobe
- beat = right hemisphere
**R temporal lobe involved in extracting pitch (not only from music)
question: how does a musician’s brain differ from normal people?
- musicians have more gray and white matter in Heschl’s gyrus
- fundamental pitch listeners have L asymmetry
- spectral pitch listeners have R asymmetry
define: fundamental vs spectral pitch
- fundamental = basic pitch ears pick up
- spectral = all the different sound waves that make up a sound
name: symptoms of temporal lobe lesions
- auditory disturbance
- impaired organization
- inability to use contextual info
- memory problems
- altered personality + behaviour
- altered sexual behaviour
- changes to emotions (limbic)
explain: hallucinations (as symptoms of schizophrenia)
- auditory hallucinations = common symptom of schizophrenia
- verbal hallucinations
⤷ from activating primary auditory cortex and broca’s area
**hallucinations make normal activation confusing
⤷ can’t tell real vs fake
name + explain: tests used to assess temporal lobe damage for object/complex pattern recog. + visual info
MEIER AND FRENCH
- show multiple drawings + ID which one is different
HIDDEN FIGURES
- find where the sample shape is in each figure
COMPLEX FIGURE
- copy the drawing as accurately as possible
⤷ also involves parietal so needs more testing to narrow to temporal
MOONEY CLOSUrE
- face or not?
explain: features of temporal lobe personality
- overemphasize trivial + petty details
- pedantic speech (minute details)
- egocentricity
- perseveration (repeating same thing over and over)
- paranoia
- preoccupation w/ religion
- prone to aggression
