Week 4

Question 1

Recovery from Punishment

Answer 1

It’s suppressive effects on behavior are usually not permanent

Recovery of responding to prepunished levels is more likely to occur when

• The punishment was mild
• The person can discriminate that the punishment contingency is no longer active

Question 2

Factors the influence effectiveness of punishment

Answer 2

Immediacy
Intensity
Schedule and consistency

Question 3

Problems with Punishment

Answer 3

Emotional and aggressive reactions
- May evoke these behaviors

Escape and avoidance
- As the intensity of a punisher increases so does the likelihood of escape and avoidance

Question 4

Like emotions and aggressive reaction, escape and avoidance can be minimized or prevented by

Answer 4

Providing alternative responses to the problem behavior that both avoid the delivery of punishment and provide reinforcement

Question 5

Behavioral Contrast

Answer 5

Change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule

e.g. push down on behavior at dad’s house, increase of behavior at mom’s house

Question 6

Change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule

Answer 6

Behavioral Contrast

e.g. push down on behavior at dad’s house, increase of behavior at mom’s house

Question 7

Behavioral Contrast Can be minimized by

Answer 7

• Consistently punishing occurrences of the target behavioring all relevant settings and stimulus conditions
• Withholding or at least minimizing the person’s access to reinforcement for the target behavior
• Providing alternative desirable behaviors

Question 8

Positive Punishment Interventions

Answer 8

Reprimands
Response Blocking
Response Interruption and Redirection (RIRD) (motor and vocal interrupting)
Contingent Exercise
Overcorrection

Question 9

Time-Out

Answer 9

• Immediate response-contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcers
• Immediate loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time

Question 10

• Immediate response-contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcers
• Immediate loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time

Answer 10

Time-Out

Question 11

time-out three important factors:

Answer 11

1. Discrepancy between the “time-in” and the time-out environment must be discriminative
2. Response-contingent loss of access to reinforcement must occur immediately
3. A resultant decrease in the future frequency of the time-out-producing behavior must occur

Question 12

Procedurally

Answer 12

Entails removing the person from a reinforcing environment, or prohibiting access to reinforcers within their current environment for a specified period of time contingent upon the occurrence of problem behavior

Question 13

Entails removing the person from a reinforcing environment, or prohibiting access to reinforcers within their current environment for a specified period of time contingent upon the occurrence of problem behavior

Answer 13

Procedurally

Question 14

Conceptually

Answer 14

The client must discriminate between the time-out and time-in environment

Question 15

The client must discriminate between the time-out and time-in environment

Answer 15

Conceptually

Question 16

Functionally

Answer 16

Time-out involves reduces rupture occurrences of similar behaviors.

Question 17

Time-out involves reduces rupture occurrences of similar behaviors.

Answer 17

Functionally

Question 18

Nonexclusion

Answer 18

Remain in the same environment they were in, opportunities to earn reinforcement has been removed

Question 19

Remain in the same environment they were in, opportunities to earn reinforcement has been removed

Answer 19

Nonexclusion

Question 20

Planned Ignoring, nonexclusion

Answer 20

Opportunity to earn social reinforcers is removed

• Looking away
• Remaining quiet
• Refraining from any interaction for a specific time

Question 21

Opportunity to earn social reinforcers is removed

• Looking away
• Remaining quiet
• Refraining from any interaction for a specific time

Answer 21

Planned Ignoring, nonexclusion

Question 22

Contingent Observation, nonexclusion

Answer 22

• The person is repositioned within an existing setting such that they can observe activities, but don’t have access
• When the observation period ends, the student rejoins the group and can earn reinforcers

Question 23

• The person is repositioned within an existing setting such that they can observe activities, but don’t have access
• When the observation period ends, the student rejoins the group and can earn reinforcers

Answer 23

Contingent Observation, nonexclusion

Question 24

Partition, nonexclusion

Answer 24

• Still in same setting, cant see
• disadvantages
• Cant see the individual

Question 25

- Still in same setting, cant see - disadvantages - Cant see the individual

Answer 25

Partition, nonexclusion

Question 26

Exclusion Time-out

Answer 26

Physical separation from the environment where reinforcement is available

Question 27

Physical separation from the environment where reinforcement is available

Answer 27

Exclusion Time-out

Question 28

Three guiding principles of time-out

Answer 28

1. The welfare of the individual served is the highest priority 2. Individuals (and parents/guardians) have a right to choose 3. The principle of least restrictiveness should be followed

Question 29

Terminate the Time-out Program

Answer 29

- The plan to eliminate should begin shortly after produce is initiated - Once time-out has been introduced, and data show reduced levels of the target behavior: - Switch to positive behavior reductive approaches or - Reduce implementation over time - Continuing time-out–or any punishment approach–beyond the point of its demonstrated effectiveness risks ethical violations and is counterproductive

Question 30

Response Cost

Answer 30

The response-contingent loss of a specific number of positive reinforcers that has the effect of decreasing the future occurrences of similar responses

Question 31

The response-contingent loss of a specific number of positive reinforcers that has the effect of decreasing the future occurrences of similar responses

Answer 31

Response Cost

Question 32

Desirable Aspects of Response Cost

Answer 32

Effectiveness Least Restrictive alternative Convenience Can be combined with other approaches

Question 33

Two Methods of Response Cost

Answer 33

Existing cache response cost Bonus response cost

Question 34

Existing cache response cost

Answer 34

- Levy a fine against an individual’s existing cache of previously earned reinforcers - Individual loses a specific number of positive reinforcers from a supply of currently available reinforcers

Question 35

- Levy a fine against an individual’s existing cache of previously earned reinforcers - Individual loses a specific number of positive reinforcers from a supply of currently available reinforcers

Answer 35

Existing cache response cost

Question 36

Bonus response cost

Answer 36

- Levy a fine against an individual’s surplus of extra, non contingently provided reinforcers - Operates when practitioners make additional reinforcers available noncontingently to the participant, specifically for removal when a target behavior occurs

Question 37

- Levy a fine against an individual’s surplus of extra, non contingently provided reinforcers - Operates when practitioners make additional reinforcers available noncontingently to the participant, specifically for removal when a target behavior occurs

Answer 37

Bonus response cost

Question 38

Two suggestions to reduce the likelihood of hanging no reinforcers available:

Answer 38

1. The ratio of points earned to points lost can be managed 2. If all reinforcers are lost and another inappropriate behavior occurs consider implementing time-out from positive reinforcement as a supplemental procedure

Question 39

Two situations may require the implementation of a contingency plan:

Answer 39

1. Repeated imposition of response costs serves to reinforce, and not punish, the undesirable behavior Stop response cost and switch to other reductive procedure 2. Person refuses to hand over positive reinforcers Clarify the consequences of this beforehand