Week 4: Learning

Question 1

Knowledge Emotions

Answer 1

• A family of emotions associated with learning, reflecting and exploring
• These emotions come when unexpected and unfamiliar events happen in the environment

Emotions:
- Surprise
- Interest
- Confusion
- Awe

Question 2

Functionalist Theories of Emotion

Answer 2

The adaptive role of an emotion in handling common problems throughout evolutionary history
- How we think about what is happening, rather than what is literally happening

Question 3

Appraisal Theories

Answer 3

Emotions are caused by patterns of appraisal, such as whether an event further or hinders a goal and can it be coped with

Question 4

Surprise

Answer 4

An emotion in expectancy violation that forces people to focus on unexpected event

Question 5

Interest

Answer 5

Emotion that motivates exploration and learning.
- Curiosity
- Most common emotion in day to day life
Intrinsically Motivated - learning motivated for fun and wonder rather than reward and social approval
- Driven by coping potential

Question 6

Trait Curiosity

Answer 6

Individual differences in how easily and often people become curious
- Low curiosity remain familiar but high curiosity opennes to experiences

Question 7

Confusion

Answer 7

• Associated with conflicting and contrary information
• Appraise an event that is unfamiliar and hard to understand
• Motivates critical thinking and deeper learning

Question 8

Impasse Driven Learning

Answer 8

Instruction that motivates active learning by having learners work through perplexing barriers

Question 9

Awe

Answer 9

Emotion from encountering something vast that challenges your understanding or accommodation of current beliefs
- Chills and goosebumps from awe
- Inspires wonder

Question 10

Classical or Pavlovain Conditioning

Answer 10

• Stimulus to Stimulus
• Stimulus to response
• Neutral stimuli associated with psychological significant events
• Involuntary response

Question 11

Unconditioned Response

Answer 11

an innate response that is elicited by stimulus before or in absence of conditioning

Question 11

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 11

Stimulus that elicits the response before conditioning occurs

Question 12

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 12

a signal that has no importance to an organism until paired with a unconditioned stimulus
- ringing of phone

Question 13

Conditioned Response

Answer 13

The response that is elicited by the stimulus
- same as the unconditioned response

Question 14

Instrumental or Operant Conditioning

Answer 14

Learn about the relationship between behaviours and their consequences

Question 15

Operant Behaviour

Answer 15

Behaviour that is controlled by its consequence
- Voluntary Behaviour
- Rat pulls lever when reinforced

Question 16

Reinforcer

Answer 16

A consequence of a behaviour that strengthens it and increases the likelihood that it will be preformed again

Question 17

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 17

behaviours followed by positive outcomes are more likely to recur; behaviours followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely

Question 18

Punishers

Answer 18

Undesirable outcome that decrease the strength of an operant behaviour

Question 19

Taste Aversion Conditioning

Answer 19

When taste is paired with sickness, the organism dislikes the taste in the future

Question 20

Fear Conditioning

Answer 20

type of classical conditioning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with something aversive or frightening (like a shock or loud noise).

Question 21

Conditioned Compensatory Responses

Answer 21

automatic body reaction that opposes the effects of a drug or stimulus — triggered by cues that predict the drug or event.

Question 22

Blocking

Answer 22

No conditioning occurs to a stimulus if it is combined with a previously conditioned stimulus

Question 22

Prediction Error

Answer 22

• Chance that the conditioned stimulus won’t lead to the expected outcome
• Needed for conditioning

Question 23

Extinction

Answer 23

Removal of conditioning - not presenting condition with stimulus

Question 24

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 24

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction

Question 25

Stimulus Control

Answer 25

when the operant behaviour is controlled by a stimulus that precedes it

Question 26

Quantitative Law of Effect

Answer 26

Effectiveness of a reinforcer at strengthening a operant response depends on the amount of reinforcement earned for the behaviour

Question 27

Reinforcer devaluation effect

Answer 27

Animal will stop preforming a response that was once led by a reinforcer if the reinforcer is made undesirable

Question 28

Observational Learning

Answer 28

learning by observing the behaviours of others

Question 28

Social Learning Theory

Answer 28

Can learn new responses and behaviour by observing the behaviours of others Bandura Theories - Attention: most pay attention to observed behaviour - Retention: Retain the observation to memory - Initiation: must be able to execute behaviour - Motivation: Motivation to preform behaviour

Question 29

Social Models

Answer 29

Authorities that are targets for observation and who model behaviours

Question 30

Vicarious Reinforcement

Answer 30

Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person.

Question 31

Perceptions Learning

Answer 31

Occurs when aspects of our perception changes as a function of experience.

Question 32

Implicit Learning

Answer 32

Exhibit changes in behaviour without intending to learn something

Question 33

Implicit Memory

Answer 33

A type of long-term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode. It’s the type of memory one makes without intent.

Question 34

Non Associative Learning

Answer 34

Occurs when a single repeated exposure leads to a change in behaviour.

Question 35

Habituation

Answer 35

Occurs when the response to a stimulus decreases with exposure.

Question 36

Sensitization

Answer 36

Occurs when the response to a stimulus increases with exposure

Question 37

Working Memory

Answer 37

The form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purposes of manipulation. - Held as short term memory - Repair of schema

Question 38

Chuncking

Answer 38

The process of grouping information together using our knowledge. - Aids Memory

Question 39

Encoding

Answer 39

The pact of putting information into memory

Question 40

Intentional Learning

Answer 40

Any type of learning that happens when motivated by intention.

Question 41

Metacognition

Answer 41

Describes the knowledge and skills people have in monitoring and controlling their own learning and memory