working memory consists of two categories
maintenance and manipulation
are Executive functions (EF) distinct or interrelated?
they are both.
true or false:
All EF components are present in infancy.
true. they develop rapidly from early to mid childhood and continues through adolescence to early adulthood.
which compontents of EF start declining at a certain point? and ad which age?
Working memory and Inhibitory control from mid thirties
what happens with Cognitive flexibility in mid thirties. Does it decline? stay the same or keeps growing?
it keeps growing
Name an example of measuring simple EF
green go, red no go. So reacting to which light you see.
The stroop test, tests which components of EF?
IC: surprese tendency to read the word and name the collor
WM: remember the rule. (name the fond color not the word)
can you explain why studies show that young children are better at the stroop task than adults?
there reading is not as good as adults so it doesn’t interfere
which component of EF does the marshmallow task test?
IC
in the tower of london task it shows that compared to adults, adolescents are more…. How did the study show this?
impulsive and less flexible.
results show:
adults: spend longer time for first move, the more difficult the level the longer it took to make the first move
adolescents: spend the same amount of time.
name two advantages and disadvantages of measuring complex EF
What is BRIEF?
connect the frontal brain region to the right component of EF
1. DLPFC
2. OFC
3. MPFC
WM
IC
CF
- WM
- IC
- CF
name three reasons why we want to measure & assess EF
describe the design (couple of sentences), engaged executive functions, type inhibition and time frame of the following experiments: the stroop task
Design: Participants name the ink color of words that may spell out a different color (e.g., the word “red” printed in blue ink).
* Executive Function: Inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility.
* Inhibition Type: habitual, automatic
* Time Frame: Milliseconds to seconds per trial.
describe the design (couple of sentences), engaged executive functions, type inhibition and time frame of the following experiments:the marshmallow task
Design: A child is offered one marshmallow now or two if they wait (~15 minutes) without eating the first.
* Executive Function: IC
* Inhibition Type: Emotional, motivational
* Time Frame: Several minutes (up to 15).
describe the design delayed discounting task
Design: Participants choose between a smaller-sooner reward (e.g., $5 now) or a larger-later reward (e.g., $10 in a week).
Discribe the Dimensional change card sorting task
simple or complex? which EF’s are in play and how?
Design: Children are asked to sort cards based on one dimension (e.g., color) and then switch to sorting the same cards by another dimension (e.g., shape). For example, a child may first put all red things together, then later be asked to put all stars together, even if the color conflicts.
* Executive Functions Engaged:
* Cognitive flexibility (switching mental rules)
* Working memory (holding the new rule in mind)
* Inhibitory control (suppressing the old rule)
what is the difference between High and low delayers?
describe the Cool, Hot experiment. what where the results? What can you conclude?
Two groups.
Control “cool” condition sees faces neutral human faces. Asked when female :NOGO when male GO
experimental condition “Hot” emotional faces. same task
results activation inferior frontal gyrus (PFC)
HD>LD when inhibiting responses in “hot”
conclude–>HD>LD top down control over emotional impulses
results activation ventral striatum (reward system)
LD>HD when inhibiting responses
conclude–>LD>HD emotional drive, making inhibition more difficult
