Week 6 - Study Guide

Question 1

Most abundant solutes =

Answer 1

electrolytes

Question 2

Feces, sweat, and insensible

Meaning we cannot regulate it

Answer 2

Obligatory losses

Question 3

Evaporation through skin and lungs

Cannot sense it

Answer 3

Insensible losses

Question 4

We can alter through influence of hormones. Minimum 500 ml/day

Answer 4

urine

Hormones = ADH & Aldosterone

Question 5

Only influences the reabsorption of water.

Produced when solute concentration is too high - meaning dehydrated

Answer 5

ADH
causes thirst
kidneys retains water
causes vasoconstriction in the periphery

Water reabsorption to reduce osmotic pressure

Produced to change in osmotic pressure

Question 6

All about retaining the right balance of solutes.
By holding on to Na+ and water.
It will assist the solute balance in the body.
Also maintains BP

Answer 6

Aldosterone - mineral corticoid

Reabsorption of Na, Cl, H2O

Increase BV - but does not alter osmotic pressure

Produced due to change in BP

Question 7

HPc
OPif

Moves water into or out of vasculature?

Answer 7

move water OUT OF vasculature

Question 8

HPif
OPc

Moves water into or out of vasculature?

Answer 8

move water INTO vasculature

Question 9

Is balance the same at the arterial and venous end?

Answer 9

No - always tend to push more fluid out then return.

But - lymphatic system soaks up any excess

Question 10

Mid-capillary pressure gradient is 0.5 mmHg, which way does fluid go?

Answer 10

Beginning to push fluid back in

Question 11

On the arterial end, fluid moves_____

Answer 11

fluid moves out

NFP = 10 mmHg

Question 12

On the venous end, fluid moves ____

Answer 12

fluid moves in

NFP = -8mmHg

Question 13

Edema is created by

Answer 13

Change in pressure gradients influencing ECF movement

capillary filtration & osmotic uptake

Interference in lymphatic drainage

Question 14

Edema may result if:

Answer 14

1. High BP
   = push more fluid out at the arteriole end than what can be sucked up by the lymphatics or return to circulation at the venule end
2. Increase [plasma protein] interstitial fluid
   = liver - site of plasma protein production (albumin). disability to to build plasma proteins - meaning there will not be the osmotic pressure in plasma to pull fluid back which causes edema
3. Decrease [plasma protein]
   = excessive plasma proteins leaking out
   remember - if you have inflammation - capillaries can become leaky - fluids and smaller solutes leave, problem - plasma proteins start to leave. Not only do you have fluid leaking out - you have more because osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid has increased
4. Lymphatic Obstruction
   = lymph system is not able to pick up the.
   slack
   = cause could be infection or damage to lymphatic system
   = microbial infection blocking lymphatic system

Question 15

Dehydration due to

Answer 15

1. hemorrhage
2. burn
3. diarrhea
4. vomiting
5. sweating

AND
6. water deprivation
7. diuretic abuse
8. endocrine disorders

Question 16

DEHYDRATION
Fluid loss > intake

Answer 16

1. excessive ECF osmolarity (water will go towards the osmotic pressure)
2. fluid moves down its gradient from ICF➡ECF
3. ⬇cell volume = dysfunction

meaning:

1. Excessive loss of water from ECF
2. ECF osmotic pressure rises
3. Cells lose H2O to ECF by ososis; cells shrink

Question 17

OVERHYDRATION
Hypotonic Hydration

Water intoxication

Answer 17

1. excessive water enters the ECF
2. ECF osmotic pressure falls
3. Water moves into the cells by osmosis; cells swell - lyse - cellular edema

Impacts the brain it could be fatal

Question 18

Electrolyte Functions:

Na+

Extracellular

Answer 18

1. Nerves & muscles
2. Regulates ECF

Question 19

Electrolyte Functions:

Ca2+

Extracellular

Answer 19

1. Nerves & muscles
2. enzyme activation
3. blood clotting
4. PTH regulates. (MOST IMPORTANT)
5. Ionized and protein bond form

Question 20

Electrolyte Functions:

K+

Intracellular

Answer 20

1. Nerves & muscles
2. Regulates cell volume
3. pH control (K+/H+ shift)

Question 21

Electrolyte Functions:

Mg2+

Intracellular

Answer 21

1. Nerve & muscles & junctions
2. enzyme activation
3. ionized and protein bond form

Question 22

Electrolyte Functions:

HPO4-

Intracellular

Answer 22

1. Energy, RBCs, and Nervous system function

Question 23

Excess NaCl intake =

Answer 23

redistribution of body water toward solutes

affects plasma first than interstitial fluid

Question 24

According to NERNST -
How would these imbalances impact cell behavior?

Hypermagnesemia (Mg2+)

Answer 24

Depressed

1. Positive 2 charges
2. and they impact the way voltage-sensitive channels react
3. They will have opposite pattern

Remember ➡Hyperkalemia - single positive charge causes overexcitability

Hypermagnesemia 2+ will depress the system

Question 25

According to NERNST - How would these imbalances impact cell behavior? Hyponatremia (Na+)

Answer 25

Depressed If you have: 1. single charges electrolytes that have + charges you will see DEPRESSION in the system 2. the system will not respond normally

Question 26

According to NERNST - How would these imbalances impact cell behavior? Hypokalemia (K+)

Answer 26

Overexcitability If you have: 1. single charged electrolytes that have + charges and you have too much potassium in the plasma it will cause overexcitability 2. cells are freaking out 3. firing action potentials all the time

Question 27

Increased Mg2+ & Ca2+ =

Answer 27

depression of voltage-gated ion channel opening (rusty gate)

Question 28

Increased serum - Cations (+charged ion) (Na, K)

Answer 28

Stimulates cell depolarization Overactivity

Question 29

Decreased serum anions (- charged ions) (Cl-, PO4-)

Answer 29

Stimulates cell depolarization Overactivity

Question 30

Decreased serum - Cations (+charged ion) (Na, K)

Answer 30

Stimulates cell Hyperpolarization depression

Question 31

Increased serum anions (- charged ions) (Cl-, PO4-)

Answer 31

Stimulates cell Hyperpolarization depression

Question 32

Releases H+ in a solution

Answer 32

Acids

Question 33

Picks up H+ out of solution

Answer 33

Bases

Question 34

Protein metabolism impacts pH due to

Answer 34

phosphoric acid

Question 35

Anaerobic respiration of glucose makes

Answer 35

lactic acid

Question 36

Fat metabolism (ketosis) impact pH by

Answer 36

ketone bodies & fatty acids

Question 37

Respiratory equation impacts pH =

Answer 37

CO2 ➡➡ H+

Question 38

Chemical buffers regulation =

Answer 38

fastest & present in fluids

Question 39

Respiratory buffer regulation =

Answer 39

medium, 1-3 minutes

Question 40

Renal buffer regulation =

Answer 40

most potent, slow (hours ➡ days)

Question 41

Maintaining pH at 7.4 is a ratio of

Answer 41

20:1 20 HCO3- to balance 1 H+

Question 42

Ratio < 20:1 is basic or acidic? EX: 17:1

Answer 42

acidic lower than 20

Question 43

Ratio >20:1 is basic or acidic? EX: 25:1

Answer 43

Basic higher than 20

Question 44

What is a buffer system?

Answer 44

Two or more chemicals that prevent extreme pH change when acid or bases are added 1. Bicarbonate-carbonic acid 2. Phosphate 3. Hemoglobin (can bind to H+) 4. Plasma proteins. (albumin binds to either Ca2+ or H+) not both

Question 45

Sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer A strong acid = A strong base =

Answer 45

A strong acid =HCl A strong base =NaOH H2CO3 = carbonic acid HCO3- = bicarbonate (a weak base)

Question 46

Phosphate Buffer: H2PO4- = weak acid HPOv2- = weak base

Answer 46

HCl (strong acid) + NaH2PO4 (weak base) ➡NaH2PO4 (p/u free H+) + NaCl Buffer changed strong acid to weak acid NaOH (strong base) + NaH2PO4 ➡ Na2HPO4 + H2) Buffer changed strong base to weak base

Question 47

Hemoglobin-Oxyhemoglobin System Acts as a second buffer in red blood cell along with bicarbonate system HHb + O2 ⬅lungs/tissues➡ HbO2 + H+

Answer 47

H+ bind to Hb and do it in reverse. Release H+ = acid P/U H+ = base

Question 48

Protein buffer System: Protein are amphoteric =

Answer 48

amphoteric = can function as both a weak acid and a weak base releasing a hydrogen - base (Albumin binds to Ca2+) + (H+) ↔ (albumin binds to H+) + (Ca2+) picking up a hydrogen - acid

Question 49

Which of the following buffers are acting as acids? (HbO2) + (H+ ) ➡ (HHb) + (O2)

Answer 49

(HbO2) + (H+ ) ➡ (HHb) + (O2) (HHb) = acid

Question 50

Which of the following buffers are acting as acids? (H2PO4) + (OH-) ➡ (HPO42-) + (H2O)

Answer 50

(H2PO4) + (OH-) ➡ (HPO42-) + (H2O) (H2PO4) = acid

Question 51

Which of the following buffers are acting as acids? (H+) + (HCO3-) ➡ (H2CO3)

Answer 51

(H+) + (HCO3-) ➡ (H2CO3) (H2CO3) = base

Question 52

Which of the following buffers are acting as acids? (NH2-protein-COO-) + (2H+) ➡ (NH3+-protein-COOH)

Answer 52

(NH2-protein-COO-) + (2H+) ➡ (NH3+-protein-COOH) NH3+ = acid