Week 8 - Study Guide Flashcards by Beautiful !

Where does CHO digestion begin?

Oral cavity
Lipase - breaks down lipids in saliva

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Where is the majority of protein digestion?

stomach

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What functions as endocrine and exocrine?

pancreas

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WHAT PRODUCES BILE?

liver

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Where is bile stored?

in gallbladder

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Where is everything digested and aborbed?

small intestine

CHO, lipid, protein

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Basic processes of the GI (alimentary canal)

ingestion
movement (skeletal muscle)
mechanical digestion (muscles contracting and propels)
chemical digestion (enzymes, pH regulators)
absorption (in small intestine mostly, some in large intestine)
defecation

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How long is GI tract

30 feet

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What are the 4 tissue layers of the GI tract?

Tunica mucosa
Tunica submucosa
Tunica muscularis
Tunica serosa

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Characteristics & function of the tunica mucosa

inner most layer
Protects and absorbs
epithelium & connective tissue

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Characteristics & function of the tunica submucosa

Dense CT - provides strength holding tube together
Binds tube together

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Characteristics & function of the tunica muscularis

double layer
inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal (propels) muscle
skeletal muscle in mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus, & anal sphincter
smooth muscle - everywhere else

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Characteristics & function of the tunica serosa

outside of the tube
CT
single layer of epithelium → visceral peritoneum

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Put the tunicas in order from innermost to outside layers

tunica mucosa
tunica submucosa
tunica muscularis
tunica serosa

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If you add a strong acid (HCL) to a solution, which of the following molecules would make an effective buffer for this acid?

NaH2PO4
H2CO3
NH2-protein-COO-
NH3+-protein-COOH

NH2-protein-COO-

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What makes an acid or base strong?

Tendency to dissociate fully and therefore change pH substantially

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What does a buffer contain to balance a strong base, or a strong acid?

Weak acid or base to bind or release the appropriate substance

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What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity?

Peritoneum

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What are the two categories of the peritoneum?

Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum

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Which layer of the peritoneum is on the digestive organs surface?

Visceral peritoneum

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Which layer of the peritoneum is lining the abdominal wall (exterior surface)

Parietal peritoneum

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What is the space that is in between the two peritoneum layers?

Peritoneal Cavity

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What is the job of the peritoneal cavity?

The fluid lubricates the mobile organs allowing movement without friction damage

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What is the double layer of folded peritoneum that wraps around the intestines?

Mesentry

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What routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves?

Mesentry

What holds organs in place and stores fat?

Mesentry

Can the mesentry move or change its organization?

yes - some flexibility full bladder or not, preganacy tight clothes

What forms the greater curvature of the stomach?

Greater Omentum

What forms the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Lesser Omentum

What hangs over the intestines and is not attached?

Greater omentum

Which omentum connects stomach up to the bottom of the liver?

lesser omentum

What is the biological function of the omentums?

1. Fat storage (long-term storage for metabolism) (moves fat through the digestion vis lymphatic system) 2. Immune regulation (milky spots are clusters of immune cells important for defense)

What are the immune regulations that the omentums perform?

1. Adheres to the site of inflammation 2. Absorbs bacteria & contaminants 3. Provides leukocytes for immune response

Oral Cavity - opens to:

oropharynx through fauces: 1. nasopharynx - at the top 2. oropharynx - back of oral cavity 3. laryngopharynx - as heads down towards larynx region

Composition of the oral cavity includes:

1. HCO3- 2. Salivary amylase 3. lingual lipase (initiates) 4. Mucin - mucus, lysozyme & defensins fight bacteria, IgA antibodies

Another name for chewing

Mastication

Teeth that are for the ages (6-24 months)

deciduous teeth (20)

Teeth that come in from ages 6-17 years

permanent teeth (32)

Characteristics and differences of the Deciduous teeth

1. Thinner enamel (appears whiter) 2. More uniform enamel depth 3. Dentin layer is thinner 4. Pulp layer is thicker

Mechanical break down of food and act of swallowing turns food into

bolus

Another name for gums

gingiva

What is the exposed, hard surface of the tooth called

Crown

What is the crown made of

enamel

What part of the tooth is embedded in the jaw bone?

root

Protein-rich bonelike material = bulk of tooth, more flexible than enamel

Dentin

Part of the tooth that contains blood vessels, CT, nerves

Pulp

What nerve serves the teeth

Trigeminal nerve

What have a Synarthrotic joint and is fibrous

Gomphoses

What is the acidic bacterial secretions that etch enamel or dentin?

Caries

What is inflammation & degeneration of gingivae & may extend to the resorption of bone?

Periodontal disease

What is the pathway for food to the stomach?

esophagus

What is the swallowing of a bolus?

deglutition

What moves the bolus to the stomach?

Peristolasis smooth muscle waves

What is another name for the gastroesophageal sphincter?

cardiac region where it is located

What is the name of the sphincter that makes sure that the stomach contents do not come back up into the esophagus?

Gastroesophageal sphincter (Cardiac)

If you have a dysfunction of the gastroesophageal sphincter what can happen?

heartburn or acid reflux

How is GI smooth muscle contraction similar to skeletal muscle?

1. Actin & Myosin (sliding filament model) 2. Trigger for contraction is Ca2+ influx 3. ATP energizes the sliding process

How is GI smooth muscle contraction different than skeletal muscle?

1. Ca2+ is bound by calmodulin (CaM) 2. Calmodulin interacts with myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) which phosphorylates myosin

Relaxation of the GI muscles includes:

1. Ca2+ unbinds CaM 2. Ca2+ transports to SR & ECF 3. Dephosphorylation of myosin

Esophagus connects to the stomach --

Cardiac orifice → pyloric sphincter Beginning of stomach —> end of stomach

What is the dome-shaped top of the stomach?

Fundus

Which omentum is superior?

Lesser omentum (curvature)

Which omentum is inferior?

Greater omentum (curvature) hangs down over the intestines

What are the folds of the stomach lining that flatten when filling (distended)?

Rugae

How much is the max amount the stomach can hold?

one gallon. (4L)

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures: Deglutition

swallowing popcorn that formed into a bolus

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures: Pyloric sphincter

end of stomach

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures: Peristalsis

smooth wave contraction moving bolus

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures: Salivary amylase

Enzyme that initiates digestion of CHO and lipids

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures: Gomphoses

socket joint for teeth

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures: Cardiac sphincter

where popcorn leaves esophagus and meets the stomach The beginning of the stomach (gastroesophageal sphincter)

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures: Bolus

Popcorn being chewed

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures: Rugae

Will begin to stretch out when popcorn (BOLUS) begin to fill the stomach

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures: Enamel

Hard tough chewing surface for mastication

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures: Lingual lipase

Initiates enymes

Imagine eating popcorn. Brief explanation of process or structures: Mastication

Chewing of the popcorn

Mucosa - gastric glands have 4 types of cells:

1. mucous cells 2. parietal cells 3. zymogenic (chief) cells 4. enteroendocrine cells (gut-endocrine)

What produces the mucus that aids in protective layer and makes sure the acidic pH. of the stomach does not damage our sensitive tissue cells?

Mucous cells

What produces the ingredients needed for other aspects of digestion and are up high on the outside?

Parietal cells

What two things do the parietal cells produce?

1. Intrinsic factor (protein) 2. HCl

What protein is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12?

Intrinsic factor

Which cells have the biggest impact on pH?

Parietal cells

What do parietal cells make that activates enzymes?

HCL Parietal HCL pH Lowers pH in stomach allowing specific enzyme to take action

What vitamin can we NOT live without?

B12

Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

zymogenic (chief) cells

What is a precursor molecule to pepsin and lipase?

pepsinogen

What acid interacts with pepsinogen and converts it to pepsin?

HCl

What breaks down protein?

pepsin

Enteroendocrine cells release hormone-substance -

Gastrin Cholecystokinin

What increases HCl secretion from parietal cells and stimulates muscle contraction and gastric emptying?

gastrin

90% of ulcers are due to:

H. Pylori which is the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer

What are the two controls of gastric secretions?

Neural Hormonal

Where is neural referring to

in your head

What phase where thinking, seeing, hearing, smelling, or tasting food initiates gastric secretions? External Stimuli

Cephalic Phase

What is the phase called where your stomach is readying for digestion?

Cephalic phase Pavlov's dog

What nerve initiates gastric secretions?

Vagus Nerve

Where is hormonal control of gastric secretions?

Local control

What is the phase referred to that is under hormonal control? Internal Stimuli

Gastric phase

What stimulates the gastric glands?

Gastrin

What does gastrin do?

relaxes pyloric sphincter & increases stomach motility → emptying allows the small intestine to keep up do not want a loss of nutrient absorption if stomach emptying is too fast

Which has a larger diameter, stomach or small intestine?

stomach

When chyme has reached the duodenum - this phase is called

Intestinal phase

What is the enterogastric reflex?

tightens the pyloric sphincter & delays the emptying of the stomach into the small intestine

Secretin is responsible for

pH balance

Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release

HCO3-

What increases the pancreatic enzyme secretion?

Cholecystokinin (CCK) = digestive process

What loosens the hepatopancreatic sphincter for flow into the duodenum?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

What are the intestinal phase hormones?

1. Secretin 2. CCK 3. VIP

What hormone in the intestinal phase increases blood flow through the intestinal capillaries?

VIP

What is VIP all about?

Absorption

What is CCK all about?

digestive process

What is secretin all about?

pH balance

The order of the GI structures:

1. Pharynx 2. Esophagus 3. Gastroesophageal sphincter (cardiac) 4. Stomach 5. Pyloric sphincter 6. Duodenum 7. Jejunum 8. Ileum 9. Cecum 10. Appendix 11. Ascending colon 12. Transverse colon 13. Descending colon 14. Sigmoid colon 15. Rectum 16. Anus

Which sphincter is at the beginning of the small intestine?

Pyloric sphincter

Which sphincter is in between the small and large intestine?

ileocecal valve

What are the three subsections of the small intestine?

1. Duodenum (1st foot) 2. Jejunum (8 feet) 3. ileum (12 feet)

What is the unsung sphincter in the intestines?

ileocecal valve

What are the three small intestine modifications?

1. villi 2. intestinal glands 3. microvilli

What increases mucosal surface area of the small intestine?

villi larger folds

What pits in mucosa between villi and produces intestinal juices?

Intestinal glands

What cells are deep in the intestinal glands and produce defensins and lysozyme that kill bacteria?

Paneth cells

Where are Paneth cells located?

small intestine

What two antimicrobial agents (chemicals) do paneth cells produce?

defensins & lysozyme

Which contain proteases & disaccharides in the membrane of the small intestine?

microvilli

What comes from the intestinal crypts of the small intestines?

intestinal juice which is mostly isotonic fluid with mucus and some lysozyme

What is Pancreatic juices =

enzymes and NaHCO3-

What 4 items are part of the pancreatic juices?

1. Amylase (CHO) 2. Lipase (fats) 3. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase (proteins) - inactive form and become active once arrive in the intestines 4. Bile - emulsifies

What are the accessory organs?

1. Liver 2. Gallbladder 3. Pancreas 4. Salivary glands

What does not have any direct contact with ingested material?

Accessory organs

What organ that has the greatest internal surface area?

Liver

The liver receives blood from two sources:

1. Hepatic artery 2. Hepatic-portal vein

How does the blood exit from the liver?

through the hepatic vein

What blood does the hepatic artery deliver?

oxygenated blood from the aorta

What blood does the hepatic-portal vein deliver?

venous blood from the digestive system

Compartments in the liver are called

lobules

What cells line the liver and help screen blood?

hepatocytes

What two fx of liver

Detoxifies stores (nutrients or toxins - including glucose

Where is bile stored?

gallbladder

What duct from the gallbladder joins the hepatic duct forming the common bile duct?

cystic duct

Back up in the gallbladder means you get

jaundice

What color is bilirubin

Yellow

Bile consists of

1. pigments (bilirubin from heme groups on RBCs being broken down) 2. Salts

Bacteria metabolize bilirubin to →

urobilinogen that causes the feces to be brown

Without bile...feces would be

1. gray-white in color 2. contain undigested fat

Liver actions

1. production of heparin and plasma proteins 2. Storage 3. Breakdown of nitrogenous wastes and alcohol by using alcohol dehydrogenase

What role does the liver play in NFP?

Albumin production Albumin is the driving force of osmotic pressure

Since liver produces bile, why do we need lipase?

Bile is the emulsifier - does not break up fats - just puts them in smaller globules Lipase - digestion of the fats

Why would hemolytic anemia lead to jaundice?

1. Breakdown of RBCs is happening too fast 2. Puts stress on the liver 3. There is a build-up of pigmentation in the soft tissues

The pancreas is a gland that has three functions:

1. endocrine function into the bloodstream 2. exocrine function in the small intestine 3. pancreatic secretion

What of the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon?

islets of Langerhans Balances out the blood glucose

What tissue of the exocrine function of the pancreas secretes pancreatic juices that help balance out pH (enzymes and NaHCO3).

Acinar tissue

What of the pancreas is regulated by secretin, CCK, and VIP?

Pancreatic secretion

What does secretin do in the pancreas?

Increases pancreatic HCO3- and bile

What does CCK do in the pancreas?

Increases pancreatic [enzyme] stimulates to release the pancreatic enzyme

What does VIP do in the pancreas?

It increases blood flow and pancreatic action blood supply to help absorption

What three things slow the emptying of the stomach by slowing the motility?

1. Secretin 2. CCK 3. VIP Tightens up the pyloric sphincter - so nutrients do not leave the stomach to quickly

How long is the large intestine?

1.5 meters

What are the three sections of the large intestine?

1. cecum 2. colon 3. rectum

What is the entryway into the large intestine?

cecum

What prevents the bacteria from breaching the wall of the large intestine and generates memory lymphocytes?

Cecum

What attaches to the cecum and is all about bacteria refuge and MALT immunity?

appendix

What are the 4 regions of the colon?

1. Ascending colon 2. Transverse colon 3. Descending colon 4. Sigmoid colon (s-shaped)

What sphincter is in between the ileum and cecum?

ileocecal valve

The rectum has two sphincters:

1. Internal sphincter 2. External sphincter

Which rectum sphincter is under voluntary control?

external sphincter

Which rectum sphincter is under involuntary control via spinal reflex arc?

internal sphincter

What is the reflex that begins with the movement of feces into sigmoidal colon and rectum?

Defecation Reflex

What manuever aids in defecation?

Valsalva's maneuver Pressure - don't strain - caution at the gym

Week 8 - Study Guide Flashcards

Digestive System (169 cards)