Week 9 - Study Guide

Question 1

Exergonic

Answer 1

energy released - no cost
gives off energy - used to fuel endergonic reactions that cost energy

1. EX = energy is EXiting the system
2. Chemical reaction where there is a release of free energy
3. No outside energy needed
4. Reaction goes energetically downhill
5. NO cost $$

Question 2

Endergonic

Answer 2

Energy - use ATP to drive endergonic reactions
$$ cost energy

1. ATP used to make a reaction move
2. Chemical reaction where energy is absorbed
3. reaction goes energetically uphill
4. Costs $$

Question 3

Definition:

Metabolism

Answer 3

1. Building
2. Breaking down
3. Reorganizing

Everything we do!!

The chemical reactions in the body that build and break down molecules into energy for the cells to survive and function.

The whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provides the body with energy.

Question 4

Definition:

Coupled reactions

metabolic coupling

Answer 4

One requires energy, one releases energy

1. A coupled reaction is an endergonic (unfavorable) reaction joined simultaneously to an exergonic (favorable) reaction;
2. the exergonic reaction provides the energy required for the endergonic reaction to occur.

Question 5

Definition:

Catabolic

Answer 5

Breakdown of complex things to free energy to build more ATP

Question 6

Definition:

Anabolic

Answer 6

Building up

more proteins for example

Question 7

Definition:

Hydrolysis

Answer 7

Breakdown

Question 8

Definition:

Synthesis

Answer 8

Building

Question 9

Definition:

Rearrangement

Answer 9

exchange reactions

Question 10

Definition:

Decomposition

Answer 10

breaking down

Question 11

Definition:

Exchange

Answer 11

Respiration equation

Question 12

Definition:

Potential Energy

Answer 12

1. Stored - as chemical energy
2. Location of a substance or structure
3. Everytime our cells have a concentration gradient - that is stored potential energy

Water behind a dam is potential energy

Hole in dam turns potential energy into kinetic energy.

Question 13

Definition:

Kinetic energy

Answer 13

1. Movement (motion of something)
2. Electromagnetic - photons ejected from sun
3. Thermal energy

Hole in dam turns potential energy into kinetic energy.

Question 14

Oxidation =

Answer 14

loss of electrons

LEO
Loss of
Electrons by
Oxidation

Question 15

What is meant by OIL-RIG?

Answer 15

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Oxidation
Is
Loss fo electrons

Reduction
Is
Gain of electrons

Question 16

Oxidation-reduction reactions allow…

Answer 16

1. energy to be released in many small steps (controlled burn)
2. Allows cells to ‘harness’ released energy to make ATP (make good use of all that energy)

Question 17

name the reactants of the aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 17

reactants (inputs)

glucose
oxygen

Question 18

What is NAD?

Answer 18

1. Coenzyme
2. Vitamin B3 precursor (niacin)

NAD+ picks up (H+) & (e-) = NADH

Question 19

What is FAD?

Answer 19

1. Coenzyme
2. Vitamin B2 precursor (riboflavin)

Question 20

Where is glycolysis performed?
What does it produce?

Answer 20

1. Cytoplasm

2 pyruvate
2 ATP (net)
2 NADH+

Question 21

What is important in glycolysis to keep it going?

Answer 21

NAD+

Question 22

What is needed to start the process of glycolysis?

Answer 22

2 ATP

Question 23

What happens in the mitochondria?

Answer 23

1. Acetyl CoA formation AND Krebs cycle
   small ATP yield
   pyruvic acid → CO2
   get more coenzymes!!
2. ETC
   Big ATP payoff
   Coenzymes donate (H+) and (e-) to do the work and allow a ton of ATP to be made.

Question 24

Build relationship between:

Catabolic and Anabolic

Answer 24

1. Catabolism, at its core, involves breaking down of complex molecules and releasing energy for the body to use.
2. The anabolic process is the complete opposite of catabolism as it involves creating bigger, complex molecules from smaller, simpler molecules. These are usually stored by the body for future use.

Question 25

Build relationship between: Exergonic and Endergonic

Answer 25

1. Exergonic gives off energy - used to fuel endergonic reactions that cost energy ATP is the molecule whose burst of energy is used to couple an exergonic reaction to power an endergonic reaction in energy coupling. ATP coupling provides that endergonic reaction with the potential to manifest now.

Question 26

Build relationship between: Kinetic energy and Potential energy

Answer 26

Water behind a dam is potential energy Hole in dam turns potential energy into kinetic energy. The primary relationship between the two is their ability to transform into each other. In other words, potential energy transforms into kinetic energy, and kinetic energy converts into potential energy, and then back again. It's a never-ending cycle.

Question 27

What are the 3 big phases of cell respiration and where does each occur?

Answer 27

1. Glycolysis / anaerobic metabolism - cytoplasm 2. Krebs Cycle - mitochondrial matrix 3. ETC - mitochondrial membrane

Question 28

What is needed to begin glycolysis / anabolic metabolism?

Answer 28

2 ATP a. 6 carbons break down into 2 - 3 carbons b. forms coenzyme NADH

Question 29

What is the end product of glycolysis?

Answer 29

2 pyruvate net 2 ATP 2 - NADH.

Question 30

How many pyruvate are made for a single glucose?

Answer 30

2 pyruvates

Question 31

Where does CO2 come from in Krebs cycle?

Answer 31

ATP production

Question 32

Where is FADH2 produced?

Answer 32

Only in KREBS CYCLE

Question 33

Where is NADH produced?

Answer 33

1. Krebs Cycle 2. Glycolysis

Question 34

How many Krebs cycle are needed to process one glucose molecule?

Answer 34

Two cycles one cycle for each pyruvate = 2 cycles

Question 35

Electronegativity --

Answer 35

measure of a substance to pull electrons towards itself Highly electronegative pull electrons towards themselves Not highly electronegative - do not have an attraction for electrons

Question 36

What is the protein that is in the ETC?

Answer 36

Cytochromes

Question 37

What do cytochromes contain?

Answer 37

Iron

Question 38

How are cytochromes organized in the membrane of the mitochondria?

Answer 38

In descending order according to its tendency to attract electrons

Question 39

Who has hydrogens and electrons to donate in the electron transport chain?

Answer 39

FADH2 & NADH coenzymes that are going to donate electrons to the cytochromes

Question 40

What are varying in their electrical characteristics to attract electrons from FADH2 & NADH?

Answer 40

Cytochromes

Question 41

What happens when the electrons pass the protein - cytochrome?

Answer 41

1. Energy is released and is used for the active transport of (H+) against its gradient from low to high. 2. To increase the (H+) concentration in between the two mitochondrial membranes. 3. which eventually drives the process of ATP synthesis

Question 42

What is the protein transporter that acts as an enzyme and builds ATP in the ETC?

Answer 42

ATP Synthase

Question 43

How does ATP synthase work?

Answer 43

1. It is fueled by (H+) that diffuses through the ATP Synthase 2. Causing the molecular motor to spin 3. As it spins, it grabs onto an ADP and a Phosphate ion 4. Puts them together 5. and Creates ATP

Question 44

How much ATP can be made by the ATP synthase in the ETC?

Answer 44

30-32 ATP

Question 45

What is the problem that you create after ATP synthase creates ATP?

Answer 45

Have a lot of electrons and hydrogens floating around

Question 46

How can you fix the problem that is created by the production of ATP in the ETC by the ATP synthase?

Answer 46

Electrons and Hydrogen+ are transferred and bind to O2 to produce WATER - H2O

Question 47

What can permanently bind to terminal cytochrome?

Answer 47

Cyanide Fatal

Question 48

What is the benefit of lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 48

The ability to keep going with glycolysis

Question 49

What does the lactic acid do in the cell or bloodstream?

Answer 49

alters pH

Question 50

How does the lactic acid get out of cells?

Answer 50

diffuses out

Question 51

Where does lactic acid go to get processed?

Answer 51

Liver

Question 52

What does the liver do with lactic acid?

Answer 52

1. Converts lactic acid back to pyruvate and glucose - which will require energy to do 2. Oxygen debt in the liver

Question 53

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 53

I am alive but not doing anything 1. As SA to volume ratio increases, BMR increases 2. Decreases with AGE 3. Increases with temperature & Stress 4. Males disproportionately high BMR 5. Thyoxine increases O2 consumption, cell respiration, & BMR

Question 54

Total Metabolic Rate

Answer 54

How we behave - All additional activities/work 1. Rate of Kilocare consumption to fuel all ongoing activities 2. Increases with skeletal muscle activity and food digestion