wt2 Flashcards

Question

inextricably intertwined

Answer 1

That is to say, it is inextricably intertwined with other aspects of life

Answer 2

The Voting Rights Act was needed to empower minority groups. The president is empowered to appoint judges to the Supreme Court.

Answer 3

measures to curb the spread of the virus

Answer 4

As regards the root causes, ... In terms of root causes, ...

Answer 5

SYN overcome He has had to surmount immense physical disabilities. ______________ These are major but surmountable obstacles ____________________ The language difference proved an insurmountable barrier.

Answer 6

Global warming can only be effectively addressed through coordinated efforts between governments, as climate change is a global issue that transcends national borders. Through coordinated efforts the impact of global warming can be mitigated concerted effort/action/attack etc The government must take concerted measures to curb inflation. a concerted organized effort ## Footnote Concerted effort ≠ coordinated effort Many concerted efforts are coordinated Many coordinated efforts are not concerted

Answer 7

A balanced diet that includes foods **high in fiber**, such as fruit and vegetables, can significantly reduce the risk of **chronic** diseases. This cereal is high in fiber and keeps me full for longer. Fruits and vegetables are generally high in fiber. I try to eat foods that are high in fiber for better digestion.

Answer 8

In the modern workplace, employers increasingly prioritize candidates who are computer literate, since technology plays a vital role in communication and data management. Some educators argue that becoming musically literate from **a young age** enhances **cognitive development** and creativity in children. Improving computer literacy among older adults can reduce the **digital divide**. Improving computer literacy among older adults can reduce the digital gap between generations. Schools should place greater emphasis on developing students’ musical literacy. cognitive performance cognitive development cognitive skills

Answer 9

The manager was fired for his abuse of power in the workplace. Students protested against the abuse of power by the school authorities.

Answer 10

coincide with His entry to the party coincided with his marriage. When our vacations coincided, we often holidayed together. planned/timed/arranged to coincide The show is timed to coincide with the launch of a new book.

Answer 11

coincident with The rise of the novel was coincident with the decline of storytelling.

Answer 12

derive something from something **Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique.** derive pleasure/enjoyment etc Many students derived enormous satisfaction from the course. ___ (also be derived) derive from This word is derived from Latin. patterns of behaviour that derive from basic beliefs ## Footnote Many thousands have benefited from the new treatment. Many thousands have derived benefits from the new treatment. The new treatment has benefited many people this treatment has many benefits

Answer 13

The small fines for this type of crime do not act as much of a deterrent.

Answer 14

prone to Some plants are very prone to disease. **they are prone to physical injury.** prone to do something Kids are all prone to eat junk food.

Answer 15

This theory fell into disrepute in the fifties.

Answer 16

Overreliance on technology may diminish the importance of face-to-face communication.

Answer 17

Overreliance on technology may diminish the importance of face-to-face communication.

Answer 18

Governments must address social issues like unemployment while also considering broader societal challenges such as cultural fragmentation.

Answer 19

If governments should fail to address climate change, the consequences will be irreversible.

Answer 20

Despite increases in yield per acre, that has led to a steady decline in the amount of dates harvested.

Answer 21

Over the years, he cut costs by privatizing a big portion of each service. Employees of the Strathtay bus company, which has been privatized, are concerned that drivers are about to be made redundant. The company was privatized by the government in 1987.

Answer 22

Recent results must give some cause **for optimism**.

Answer 23

tolerance towards religious minorities

Answer 24

minority majority

Answer 25

fluctuate between Prices were volatile, fluctuating between $20 and $40. fluctuate around The number of children in the school fluctuates around 100. Insect populations fluctuate wildly from year to year.

Answer 26

For instance, Udemy, the online learning company, found that only 12% of people who purchased their online courses actually watched all the videos and completed the online tasks, **principally** due to lack of supervision.

Answer 27

undeniable benefits

Answer 28

attending in-person lectures can be time-consuming and challenging

Answer 29

with the advent of technology, many tasks, such as paperwork and meetings, can be conducted remotely.

Answer 30

«یک حقّ بنیادیِ بشر» یا «یک حقّ اساسیِ انسانی» ## Footnote Many people believe that education is a human right. Many people believe that education is a fundamental human right.

Answer 31

a pillar of society a pillar of democracy

Answer 32

This would have a profound impact on society, as it would **deprive** communities **of** the skills and contributions such individuals could offer. it deprives industries of skilled professionals who can contribute effectively to their fields.

Answer 33

Free education Fee-based education Tuition-based education Education that requires payment

Answer 34

... that **someone from a disadvantaged background** who is eager to continue their education may not be able to **do so**. ... that **someone from a low-income background** who is eager to continue their education may not be able to do so. .. that **someone from a deprived background** who is eager to continue their education may not be able to do so. ## Footnote an unstable financial situation ✅ financial instability ✅

Answer 35

Students with **an unstable family background** may struggle to focus on their studies.

Answer 36

(noun) access accessibility ≠ inaccessibility (adjective) accessible ≠ inaccessible (verb) access (adverb) accessibly ≠ inaccessibly Quality education should be accessible **to** everyone. Everyone should have access **to** quality education . Quality education should be made accessible **to** everyone

Answer 37

I believe that students should be classified into **income-based categories**, with **lower-income groups** receiving free education, while **higher-income brackets** **cover {bear} the costs**. This approach helps **ensure both accessibility and the quality of education**.

Answer 38

I partially agree with this view, I believe a more **balanced approach** is necessary. In my opinion, **a combination of both views** should be adopted, as each approach has its own benefits In my opinion, **an integration of both views** should be adopted, as each approach has its own benefits

Answer 39

**well-equipped** laboratories

Answer 40

the overall academic standard of the country may decline.

Answer 41

reason for reason why reason (that) reason behind for reasons of something reason to do something there is no reason to do something the opportunity **for** personal development

Answer 42

Take a recent **graduate** who ... For example, a **highly educated graduate** may struggle in the workplace if they lack strong **interpersonal skills**. interpersonal communication

Answer 43

If someone is unable to take the exam on a particular day for any reason, **their entire semester may be wasted** their entire semester’s effort could go to waste.

Answer 44

Therefore, in my opinion, ...

Answer 45

Some people argue that the benefits of traditional examinations **outweigh** those of regular assignments such as practical work and projects. While some argue that traditional examinations **are superior to** continuous assessment methods such as coursework and projects. While some argue that traditional examinations **are more beneficial than** continuous assessment methods such as coursework and projects.

Answer 46

While some argue that traditional examinations are superior to continuous assessment methods such as **coursework** and projects

Answer 47

written exams exam-based assessment hands-on experience unforeseen circumstances excessive stress immense stress a more comprehensive and fair evaluation of students’ abilities.

Answer 48

This system **fosters** a **competitive** atmosphere among students.

Answer 49

discourage dishearten

Answer 50

In my opinion, this will soon become the dominant **reward system**. The company has a well-structured **reward system**, and many employees find it a **truly rewarding system** because it makes their hard work feel appreciated. rewarding and fulfilling rewarding and problematic beneficial and problematic **Rewarding students** for good behavior Rewarding students is one of the fundamental aspects others believe that **recognition** should be given to those who show improvement If only the top students receive **recognition**, others ... If only the top students receive reward**s**, others …

Answer 51

a student who **ranks** second in a university may work harder A student who **is ranked** second in a university may work harder This product **is ranked** second in quality. This product **is ranked** second **in terms of** quality. This product **ranks** second in quality. --> This is grammatically okay, but it’s less natural in English. Native speakers usually say: Ranks as → qualitative, category-based ranking. Ranks second/first → quantitative, numerical ranking → usually “is ranked” sounds better. be ranked fourth/number one etc rank as/among Today’s match **ranks** as one of the most exciting games that these two have ever played. Today’s match **is recognized** as one of the most exciting games that these two have ever played. rank with/alongside (=be of the same importance or quality) Cuvier wanted to turn natural history into a science that would rank with physics and chemistry. rank high/low He ranked high among the pioneers of 20th century chemical technology.

Answer 52

top-performing students top-ranked student high-achieving students

Answer 53

if their progress is not **acknowledged**

Answer 54

coeducation coeducational class mixed-gender schools single-sex education boys and girls should study together to promote **gender equality** to communicate with colleagues of the **opposite gender** single-sex schools may inadvertently reinforce gender stereotypes reflecting the diverse and inclusive nature of society a **distraction-free** learning environment **In the long term**, the ability to work effectively with people of different genders is **essential** in **nearly** all careers In the long term, the ability to work effectively with people of different genders is **imperative** in **almost** all careers ## Footnote “Almost all” is fine, but paired with imperative it feels a bit inflated essential = necessary, required → neutral academic tone imperative = urgent, non-negotiable → stronger, more rhetorical

Answer 55

This may **lower** the quality of education a decline in the overall quality of education ## Footnote Both "reduce" and "lower" mean to make something less, but "lower" is a more natural and commonly used collocation with "quality." "Reduce costs" / "Reduce expenses" → "Reduce" is often used with numbers or quantities.

Answer 56

Additionally, some believe that single-sex education allows students to **thrive** in an environment **tailored** to their **gender-specific needs**. Additionally, some believe that single-sex education allows students to thrive in an environment **geard** to their gender-specific needs. ## Footnote Treatment is tailored to the needs of each patient. The course curriculum is geared to span three years. “Gear … to” usually refers to programs, plans, or systems, not physical objects like equipment. “Tailor to” usually refers to services, programs, or experiences, not standard physical equipment.

Answer 57

Boys and girls **interact** with each other regularly in **the real world**, , helping them develop **social and communication skills** Boys and girls interact with each other regularly in **real-world situations**.

Answer 58

advantage merit benefit disadvantage drawback shortcoming weakness setback problem obstacle difficulty

Answer 59

working efficiently requires more abilities than those provided by traditional courses.

Answer 60

it offers broader benefits

Answer 61

If students **devote** time to extracurricular activities Dedicate / Devote → personal commitment Allocate → dividing resources Assign → giving tasks or roles

Answer 62

modern careers require **a diverse skill set** Modern careers require **a range of skills**. **Biodiversity loss** is a major environmental concern. The loss of biodiversity can disrupt ecosystems and threaten human survival. “the decline in biodiversity” or “the reduction of biodiversity” ## Footnote “A range of skill set” is not correct, because “range” already implies multiple items, so it should be followed by the plural: “skills”, not the singular “skill set.”

Answer 63

many jobs **demand** skills such as **creativity**, **problem-solving**, and **communication** Many jobs **need** skills such as creativity, problem-solving, and communication.

Answer 64

I believe that universities should equip students with **a high-quality education**. I believe that universities should equip students with **a quality education**. I believe that universities should equip students with **a well-rounded education**. She received **a good education** Online education can lead to a decline in **educational quality**. Online education can lead to a decline in **the quality of education**. All children deserve quality education. All children deserve a quality education. All children deserve high-quality education. I spend quality time I like to buy quality products ## Footnote “Quality education” is often used as a general noun phrase meaning good education, e.g., All children deserve quality education. But when you say “a decline in …”, you need “the quality of education” to refer to the level or standard being reduced.

Answer 65

These days, **more and more** people are making the choice to go to university.

Answer 66

the period between school and university **is of crucial importance** in students’ lives the period between school and university is **important** in students’ lives The transition from school to university **plays a vital role** in students’ lives. Clear grouping (this helps for IELTS) Weak / neutral: important Requirement-focused: necessary, essential High-impact / emphasis: vital, crucial Urgent / commanding: imperative ## Footnote If you want a strong, academic tone → “of crucial importance” If you want clarity and simplicity → “important”

Answer 67

that taking two gap years

Answer 68

One major challenge is being away from an academic environment, which can **cause students to forget important knowledge** from their courses. One major challenge is being away from an academic environment, which can **lead students to forget** important knowledge from their courses. One major challenge is being away from an academic environment, which can **lead to students forgetting** important knowledge from their courses. The delay caused him to be late. Stress can cause people to sleep poorly. Lack of practice can cause students to forget what they learned. …,causing the employment rate to decline. Another advantage is that students can concentrate solely on their studies during their school years, which helps reduce stress. ✔ which reduces stress ✔ bring about a reduction in stress ✔ lead to reduced stress ✔ result in lower stress levels without experienc**ing** financial stress insufficient sleep **leads to** persistent fatigue, reduc**ing** productivity and impair**ing** cognitive performance. ## Footnote cause somebody/something to do something lead somebody to do something lead to somebody doing something

Answer 69

he can **expand his knowledge** more efficiently broaden his knowledge enrich his knowledge enrich your experience enrich your understanding enrich your life foster creativity foster critical thinking foster innovation foster cooperation foster social skills foster a sense of responsibility foster a positive learning environment expand knowledge expand skills expand opportunities expand experience expand capacity expand access expand your horizons broaden knowledge broaden experience broaden skills broaden understanding broaden perspectives broaden horizons cultivate a culture of innovation cultivate a culture of respect cultivate a culture of accountability cultivate a culture of collaboration cultivate a learning culture cultivate trust cultivate a sense of responsibility

Answer 70

to take additional preparatory courses He decided to take **preparatory courses** before starting university you should do some **preparatory tasks** He decided to take **preliminary courses** before starting university. you should do some **preliminary tasks** Preparatory courses --> Preparation for a specific program, exam, or goal Preliminary courses --> Introductory or foundational knowledge

Answer 71

This might lead to a decline in the overall academic performance of students **and, therefore,** ower work efficiency in the future. and, therefore, lower work efficiency in the future. and, thus, lower work efficiency in the future.

Answer 72

developing **a broader range of skills** not only improves **job prospects** but also **contributes to personal growth and societal progress**. a wide / broad range of skills a broad spectrum of skills a diverse array of skills a wide variety of skills a multitude of skills (only if you really mean “many”) a diversity of skills ❌ **The university campus is home to a diversity of cultures and nationalities**. The company benefits from **a diversity of perspectives** among its employees. **A diversity of opinions** emerged during the public debate. The region supports **a diversity of plant and animal species**. Climate change threatens **the diversity of marine life**. The forest contains **a remarkable diversity of ecosystems**. The course exposes students to **a diversity of viewpoints**. Living abroad allows individuals to experience **a diversity of lifestyles**. 1 → prospective employee/candidate/buyer etc from somebody’s perspective ## Footnote “diversity” = differences among people, nature, ideas “range / variety / array” = skills, tasks, activities, features

Answer 73

increase their chances **of** employment They are working together to **benefit** the whole community. Many thousands have **benefited from** the new treatment.

Answer 74

1 → the horizon We could see a ship on the horizon. 2 → horizons broaden/expand somebody’s horizons a course of study that will broaden your horizons 3 → on the horizon Business is good now, but there are a few problems on the horizon.

Answer 75

can broaden their horizons and improve their **cultural awareness**. can broaden their horizons and improve their **cross-cultural awareness**. can broaden their horizons and improve their **cross-cultural understanding**. **Exposure** to different cultures can help students develop **a global perspective** Exposure to different cultures can help students develop **a cross-cultural awareness**. Exposure to different cultures can help students develop **a cross-cultural understanding**.

Answer 76

which **is increasingly important** in **today's interconnected world** **an increasing number of countries** have implemented laws **The increasing emissions of greenhouse gases** are a major **contributor** to climate change. , **the rising rate** of youth crime ## Footnote The increasing emissions the rising rate

Answer 77

**By traveling**, students also have the chance **to step outside their comfort zones**, **gaining independence and maturity** that will serve them well in their future studies and careers. Step out of their comfort zones step forward/back/down/into etc He stepped back to let me through. I stepped outside and closed the door.

Answer 78

However, the decision to take a year off **is not without its disadvantages**. **One significant concern** is the potential loss of academic **momentum**. Students who take a gap year may struggle to **readjust** to **the academic demands of university** making it harder for them to **catch up with** their **peers** once they return to university. the benefits of personal growth and **career readiness** make **a gap year** a **worthwhile consideration** for many students. Investing in renewable energy was a **worthwhile decision**. **A gap year** can be an invaluable experience ## Footnote Decision → the choice made Consideration → thinking, evaluating

Answer 79

One significant concern is .. This has left me deeply concerned, … This has raised serious concerns, as … This situation is highly concerning, as … is not a major concern There may be minor concerns involving this trend. although there are concerns about financial pressures

Answer 80

Some believe that the benefits of **distance education** in university online education online learning distance learning distance education Attending virtual classes Online learning offers greater **flexibility and time efficiency** for students. Online learning is more **flexible and time-efficient** for students. This approach provides **flexibility** and improves **time efficiency**. They save time and offer more convenience they save time and offer greater convenience. Moreover, attending classes **from a comfortable chair while wearing casual clothes is more convenient** than traditional classroom learning. from **the comfort of his home**, while sitting on **comfortable furniture**

Answer 81

they may **lack essential proficiency**, negatively **impacting society**. they may struggle to develop essential skills. may not be effectively **delivered** online a shortage of highly skilled professionals ## Footnote Verb: impact + object → impact society Noun: impact + on → an impact on society

Answer 82

the **prevalence** of deafness in older age groups

Answer 83

The constant **stream of images and videos on these platforms** distracts learners. Recent research has shown that many **students are preoccupied with posting content** and checking their social media updates This can prevent students **from being preoccupied with** tuition fees. This can prevent students **from becoming preoccupied with** tuition-related concerns. students become **overly** preoccupied with posting on social media platforms This approach might help **clear their minds** limit student engagement enhance learning outcomes they are more likely to stay attentive incorporating interactive teaching techniques

Answer 84

a massive influx of tourists a surge of tourists frequently think about updating their profile Another factor contributing to **poor concentration** is the **reliance on** traditional teaching methods fail to **capture** students’ interest can significantly enhance students’ **attentiveness**. they **are more likely to** stay engaged and **less likely to** become distracted student-centered teaching

Answer 85

social media frequently promotes **non-scientific fields**, **develop a negative perception** of science due to the **emphasis** on business and **entertainment-related careers**. Science **forms the foundation** for the development of many other fields, without new **discoveries**, **progress in various industries will slow down** scientific **breakthroughs** occur ## Footnote fundamental progress advancements emphasis --> emphases emphatic emphasize

Answer 86

(noun) emphasis (adjective) emphatic (verb) emphasize (adverb) emphatically (noun) discrimination (adjective) discriminatory (verb) discriminate (noun) valuables value values valuation valuer **overvaluation ≠ undervaluation** devaluation (adjective) valuable invaluable **overvalued ≠ undervalued** valueless valued (verb) value devalue **overvalue ≠ undervalue** ## Footnote Critics also argue that prioritizing certain fields over others is inherently discriminatory

Answer 87

students who perceive **science-related careers** as **financially rewarding** Another contributing factor is **the influence** of social media on **popular culture**. Another factor is **the growing influence** of social media on **contemporary culture**. The fewer students who see **positive representations of science careers** in media, the more likely they are to develop **negative perceptions** about this field The fewer **positive portrayals of science careers** students encounter in the media, the more likely they are to develop negative perceptions of the field. Limited **positive depictions of science-related professions** in the media can discourage students from pursuing them. Negative perceptions & False perceptions & inaccurate perceptions & Outdated perception & misleading perception Negative beliefs & False beliefs & misguided beliefs & inaccurate beliefs & Outdated beliefs & misleading belief Negative messages, false messages, misguided messages, inaccurate messages, outdated messages, misleading messages negative impression & false impression & misleading impression & misguided impression & inaccurate impression Negative stereotypes & misleading stereotypes & Outdated stereotypes false assumption & misleading assumption & outdated assumption **spreading negative stereotypes** & a limiting stereotype Social media platforms entrepreneurship ✔ A reduction in science professionals ✔ A decline in science professionals ✔ A decrease in science professionals \~@ deduct & deduce & reduction

Answer 88

gender stereotype this belief can be attributed to several causes accurate information he may develop the **impression** that boys are **suited** for science **simply** because ... He may develop the **perception** that boys are suited for science **simply** because ... The new charter establishes the rights and duties **of** citizens. Everyone should have the right **to** freedom of **expression**. Everyone should have the right to **freely** express their beliefs. You have the right **to** consult a lawyer. , schools could **organize** special classes or workshops to **raise awareness** about **gender equality**, **debunk** negative stereotypes, and **counteract gender inequity** Schools can **introduce** short classes focused **on** explaining criminal behavior and their consequences. Schools should **implement** short classes **on** criminal awareness. governments should **establish** welfare programs and financial support systems for vulnerable populations

Answer 89

arts-related subjects science-related careers non-scientific fields entertainment-related careers employment-related issues , this **tendency** should be changed One major reason for this **pattern** is the influence of social media **reinforces** traditional gender roles. are constantly exposed to content that **associates** certain careers or subjects **with** a specific gender are constantly exposed to content that **assigns** certain careers or subjects **to** a specific gender.

Answer 90

1 → be inclined to agree/think/believe etc 2 → be inclined to do something/inclined to something 3 → be/feel inclined (to do something) boys are more inclined toward science

Answer 91

technology videos **are often targeted at** male audiences Another **contributing** factor is **the lack of awareness among** parents. Many parents **unknowingly** support these stereotypes by not actively encourag**ing** their children to explore a variety of interests, regardless of gender Schools should **take a more active role** by organiz**ing** awareness programs and workshops that challenge **outdated beliefs** students can be tested to **identify** their talents and interests

Answer 92

a person’s overall well-being a person's emotional well-being improve people’s quality of life I believe that spending money on both experiences and possessions **is equally important**

Answer 93

serves a distinct yet complementary role emotional resilience resilience and perseverance resilience in the face of adversity I felt mentally **rejuvenated**, and this sense of **renewal** positively influenced my **day-to-day mindset** both personal relationships and career performance

Answer 94

\! Theoretical & Empirical & Practical & Experimental & Conceptual & Hypothetical & Experiential

Answer 95

it enhances human knowledge most people have access to **a wealth of information** diabetes, obesity, and arthritis the advent of complex technologies the emergence of technology A large part of this awareness comes from social media platforms like YouTube more quickly and accurately

Answer 96

Someone may need to calculate the number of calories they burn daily to manage their diet effectively. due to the ban **on** using mobile phones the restriction **on** using the prohibition **of** using using a mobile phone is not antisocial **in itself** , a person trying to follow a specific diet may need to calculate their **calorie intake** using a mobile app Sickness may develop from inadequate **fluid intake**. both the user and those nearby, | incline

Answer 97

Mobile phones enable communication, provide instant access to information, and help users manage daily tasks, such as setting reminders and checking schedules. These functions are **integral to** contemporary life and enhance, rather than hinder, social engagement. Vegetables are an integral part of our diet. integral to Statistics are integral to medical research. vital to vital for it is vital (that) it is vital to do something essential for/to it is essential (that) it is essential to do something

Answer 98

“Technology and education are inextricably intertwined in the 21st century, as digital tools have become essential for both teaching and learning.” “The country’s economic growth is inextricably intertwined with its political stability.” “Cultural identity and language are inextricably intertwined, so the loss of a language can threaten a community’s heritage.”

Answer 99

employment-related issues have been widely discussed in **the mainstream media** Some governments **have declared that it is illegal** to reject job applicants based on their age Some governments **have declared it illegal** to reject job applicants based on their age this legislation helps prevent **age-based discrimination** during **recruitment** For example, if a person is **expected to retire** just one year after **being hired {their recruitment}**, the company might be reluctant to invest in them, knowing they will soon leave. The government **is expected to** introduce new environmental regulations next year. The economy is expected to recover gradually. Students are expected to complete their assignments on time. Employees are expected to follow company policies. Parents are expected to support their children’s education. Older workers are expected to retire at a certain age. If an employee is expected to retire shortly after recruitment, companies may be reluctant to invest in their training. retirement & inclusive work environment

Answer 100

an increasing number of countries have implemented laws that make it illegal to reject job applicants based on their age it promotes **fairness** in **hiring** and allows more qualified individuals to contribute to **the workforce**. rather than **making assumptions based on** how old someone is. Age should not be **a barrier to** employment if a candidate is capable and qualified. In fact, knowledge and adaptability are not always **tied to** age. mislead somebody about/over something Politicians have misled the public over the dangers of these chemicals. this assumption can be misleading This can be generalized to most cases. She has a tendency to generalize from her husband to all men. making it illegal to reject applicants based on age is a **positive step** toward equality employment opportunities are based on ability rather than **arbitrary** characteristics such as age

Answer 101

Household = خانوار household chores Same meaning: residents, inhabitants (general) Restricted use: dwellers (use with a modifier) city dwellers rural dwellers apartment dwellers -->Do NOT use “dwellers” alone in most contexts. Sounds unnatural.

Answer 102

to reduce the working week to reduce weekly working hours to reduce working hours certain deadline could increase operational costs may increase operating costs logistical challenges Businesses might be forced to hire more employees or extend project deadlines **to compensate for** reduced labor personnel

Answer 103

unemployment remains a **persistent** challenge for developed **nations**. One **proposed solution** is ... to lower stress levels, increased job satisfaction, an employee who previously experienced **burnout** at the beginning of the week may now return to work feeling energized and motivated, leading to better performance. This **redistribution** of work can foster economic **inclusivity** Its importance is great enough to **eclipse** other challenges.✅ Its importance is great enough to **overshadow** other challenges.✅ Its importance is great enough to **marginalize** other challenges.❌ ✔ eclipse ✔ overshadow ⚠ marginalize (avoid for abstract issues) especially those who may **have been marginalized** due to age, disability, or lack of prior experience.✅ especially those who may **have been eclipsed** due to age, disability, or lack of prior experience.❌ especially those who may **have been overshadowed** due to age, disability, or a lack of prior experienc❌ ✔ marginalized → people ✔ ✘ eclipsed / overshadowed → not for people Companies may **be required to** employ more staff or invest in additional training, which could **strain** financial resources small and **medium-sized enterprises** impose certain financial and **logistical burdens** on employers, makes it a **compelling option** ## Footnote 2 if you are required to do or have something, a law or rule says you must do it or have it be required to do something

Answer 104

proximity proximity to We chose the house for its proximity to the school. proximity of the proximity of the Bahamas to the States 1 → in the vicinity (of something) The stolen car was found in the vicinity of the station. There used to be a mill in the vicinity.

Answer 105

**This suggests that** if such facilities were available in every neighborhood, more people would be encouraged to use them. the government can **cultivate a culture** that **promotes public health** and regular exercise as **part {a part}** of a healthy lifestyle. to live healthily an individual who has been well educated about healthy living to stay fit and healthy their **overall effect** on public health is **relatively limited**

Answer 106

This is the highest **priority for tax spending** This is the highest **priority for taxpayers**. Tax spending is high due to high tax spending the governments of developed countries have **allocated** a large portion of public fund**s** **to** health care. **public funds** while others argue that there are more **pressing needs**. This is a pressing need for governments. I save money for **emergencies** the government should **make it a top priority**. --> “Put it in the first priority” is incorrect usage. Everyone considers their well-being a top priority.” ← Best the government should reflect this by **prioritizing** health care" the government should reflect this by making health care a top funding priority the government should make it a top priority. Take, for example, an individual who becomes ill; nothing may be as important to them as recovering their health. As a result, since individuals prioritize their well-being, governments should **do the same**. I should **prioritize** my health ## Footnote prioritize --> اولویت دادن، اولویت بندی کردن

Answer 107

First and foremost, **education is one of the most critical pillars of a modern society**, and thus **deserves** substantial public investment. For instance, if people **lack basic knowledge** about health, they may struggle to maintain it. One of the government's responsibilities **is to** ensure efficient mobility within and between cities. For example, if a government allocates all **tax revenue** to health care and **neglects** public transportation, **the resulting** traffic congestion and pollution could harm public health in the long term. neglect (v) & reluctant (adj) While some argue that healthcare should be the primary *focus* **of** public spending, others believe that different sectors deserve **equal or greater** attention. “While some argue that equipment should be the primary **focus of** university spending.” ✅ “While some argue that equipment should be the main **priority in** university spending.” ✅ **university spending** require **urgent** financial **attention**

Answer 108

nearsighted American English OPP far-sighted Moreover, infrastructure — particularly public transportation — is vital for improving **citizens’ quality of life** and reducing **environmental damage**. Poor transport systems can lead to lost productivity, increased pollution, and reduced access to jobs and services. From this perspective, **investing solely in health care would be nearsighted and could neglect the broader needs of a modern society**. Health care is undoubtedly essential, but it cannot **function** in isolation. ## Footnote healthcare health care

Answer 109

fraudulent financial hardship & financial difficulties the poor economic conditions the favorable economic conditions This can **place immense pressure** on young individuals they might **resort** to stealing to **obtain funds** criminal behavior & criminal activities & illegal activities a lack of awareness of the consequences of crime a lack of understanding of the consequences of crime commit an offense & commits a crime understand the legal penalties associated with their actions. they might think twice before **doing so**. educate **the public** about providing people with adequate information about criminal behavior can raise awareness among young people about the consequences of crime ## Footnote teach the public about … ⚠️ از نظر گرامری درست، اما ضعیف و غیرطبیعی در متن‌های رسمی

Answer 110

While a number of underlying factors contribute to this **troubling** trend There is one thing that**’s been troubling** me. They **have been deeply troubled** by the **allegations**. they may feel **pressured** to engage in unlawful activities as a means of survival Another key factor is the lack of awareness **regarding** legal consequences. Many young offenders are **unaware** of the **seriousness** of their actions or the **long-term impact** a criminal record can have on their future. ## Footnote alligator allegation

Answer 111

Higher taxes encourage people to **economize on** fuel. The government should **foster a culture** that encourages people to **economize** fuel. governments should **implement** support systems to assist **underprivileged** individuals Such measures could help **stabilize** the economy and, in turn, enhance **the general sense of safety**. that **glorify or normalize** criminal and **fraudulent behavior** he tries to **intimidate** his rivals Such content can **influence vulnerable viewers** and even encourage them to **imitate** what they see I once heard a news report **about** to **distinguish** between **fiction and reality** to **differentiate** between fiction and reality. This approach may help **counteract** the harmful effects of such media. educational institutions should introduce **media literacy programs** With government **intervention** intervene in The police don’t usually like to **intervene** in disputes between husbands and wives. The government **intervenes to** improve the situation. The government **intervenes in** matters concerning individuals. The government's **intervention in** individuals’ affairs… the government's **intervention to** improve the situation **negative** media **influences** ## Footnote stable unstable stability instability stabilize destabilize

Answer 112

Many people believe that success comes only from **academic excellence**. بسیاری از مردم بر این باورند که موفقیت فقط از طریق برتری تحصیلی حاصل می‌شود.

Answer 113

animal rights concerns human rights concerns habitat if it **were** in the forest, it **would** freely run and hunt its prey Animals should **be placed** under the protection of zoos Animals are under the protection of zoos. they play a vital role in **wildlife conservation** preservationist & conservationist & environmentalist nature conservation & wildlife conservation & environmental conservation & marine conservation conservation measures/policies/issues etc & a conservation program/project & a conservation group & conservation work & a conservation area zoos are **indispensable** for protecting **endangered species**. This can lead to **the destruction of animal habitats**. zoos provide a **sanctuary** where animals can be **safeguarded** from extinction. in preserving biodiversity the living conditions of captive animals

Answer 114

opponents of zoos contend that these **establishments violate the fundamental rights of animals**. Zoos often fail to provide sufficient space and an environment that **mimics** the natural habitat of the animals. For instance, a lion **confined** to a cage **is deprived of** its **instinctual behaviors** such as **roaming** freely and **hunting prey**. Such restrictions can cause **physical and psychological distress**. Moreover, animals in **captivity** are prevented from engaging in **natural social interactions**, including **mate selection**, which **further compromises their well-being**. Therefore, many believe that animals should live freely in their natural habitats, and that humans interested in observing wildlife should do so in the wild rather than in **artificial enclosures**.

Answer 115

**it has become possible for people to** travel to remote and natural locations, such as the South Pole. technological advancements **have made it possible for both scientists and tourists to** access **remote natural environments** **the presence of tourists** and scientists in these natural places can bring about some challenges. **The presence of people** can harm animals and plants in the North Pole. preserve it for future generation**s** preserve it for **the** next generation allowing scientists to visit **untouched ecosystems** can greatly **enhance our understanding** of **biodiversity** and climate change. , conservationists may be able to **implement protective measures** for **endangered species** by studying their behavior and habitats **up close**. For instance, the ability to **monitor** wildlife in **fragile ecosystems** enables early **intervention** when species are at risk of extinction. , the increasing **human presence** in these **pristine areas** poses serious threats to the environment can **inadvertently** damage **delicate ecosystems** through pollution, waste disposal, and **habitat disturbance** ## Footnote next + singular → the next generation future + plural → future generations landfill

Answer 116

**An excessive number of people** can **harm** animals and **plants** in **the North Pole**. **The carbon emissions associated with transportation** in these **isolated regions further contribute to** global warming, undermining the **environmental measures** these visitors want to implement. the **ecological costs** are far more substantial **strictly limited** in order to preserve them for **future generations** in danger of extinction at risk of extinction broaden our knowledge expand our knowledge

Answer 117

across the globe & around the world industrial development Individuals should reduce their consumption of goods. Individuals should reduce their consumption of resources. can take effective steps targeted steps meaningful action despite **the** serious causes

Answer 118

Economics / Markets “High consumer demand for smartphones drives innovation.” “The demand for affordable housing exceeds the available supply.” Policy / Public services “Governments must meet the increasing demand for healthcare services.” “There is growing demand for renewable energy in urban areas.” Figurative / formal requests “The workers are demanding higher wages.” “The report demands immediate action on climate change.”

Answer 119

global warming has emerged as a **pressing environmental challenge** with **potentially irreversible consequences**. has led to **rising temperatures, melting glaciers and polar ice caps, and extreme weather events, such as floods, hurricanes, heatwaves, and droughts**. play crucial roles in addressing this **urgent issue** Climate change will accelerate This will accelerate climate change. One of the primary causes of global warming is **the increasing emission of greenhouse gases**, particularly **carbon dioxide**, from industrial processes and **the burning of fossil fuels**. As **economies expand** and **urbanization accelerates**, the **demand for energy rises**, leading to **higher levels of pollution**. For example, **coal-fired power plants** and **vehicle emissions** contribute significantly to **atmospheric carbon levels**. ## Footnote pressing problem/matter/need etc

Answer 120

These may include imposing carbon taxes, **transitioning to renewable energy sources**, and **enforcing emission limits on factories and vehicles**. **Forests act as natural carbon sinks**, and their destruction not only releases stored carbon but also **diminishes the planet's ability to counterbalance emissions**. This issue is often driven by **consumer demand for products such as paper, palm oil, and timber**. To address this, individuals should adopt **more sustainable lifestyles** by **reducing waste, choosing eco-friendly products, and supporting reforestation efforts**. Governments, on the other hand, can impose stricter laws against **illegal logging** and promote afforestation programs. they are not **insurmountable**. Through **coordinated efforts** environmentally responsible behaviors ## Footnote Counteract → fight a negative effect Counterbalance → restore balance counteract effects / risks / influence / impact / inflation / pollution counterbalance power / influence / pressure / disadvantage

Answer 121

✔ essential items ✔ essential products ✔ unnecessary items ✔ necessary items Correct but slightly less natural (still acceptable) ✔ unnecessary products ✔ necessary products Correct but more formal / academic ✔ inessential items ✔ inessential products a product has **a base price** that includes **a certain profit margin** for the company products of similar quality alternatives **of** equivalent quality Is there a viable alternative **to** the present system? artificially **inflate** product prices feel **compelled** to buy it is ethically **questionable** techniques & strategies & tactics **Running** promotional campaigns these costs are typically passed on to consumers the additional cost is added to the final price. They **exploit** consumers’ **psychology** and **drive up** costs **unnecessarily**. In my opinion, as **awareness of these practices grows**, such advertisements will gradually lose their influence in society.

Answer 122

strong family relationships and personal attitudes toward happiness unreliable Therefore, money can enhance well-being by reducing distress and increasing comfort. A supportive and caring family offers **emotional security** and a sense of belonging, both of which are essential for **long-term happiness**. Furthermore, how individuals define happiness greatly influences their emotional state. For instance, someone who considers happiness to be **spending meaningful time** with loved ones may feel fulfilled even with **limited financial resources**, whereas someone who **measures** happiness by material possessions may never feel content. which **are fundamental for long-term happiness**. In addition, how individuals define happiness greatly affects their sense of fulfillment. For instance, someone who considers happiness to be spending **quality time** with loved ones may feel content even with limited financial resources, in shaping people’s overall well-being Factors such as family support and personal definitions of happiness **are equally important** it is not the sole **determinant** of happiness. it is a **determining** factor in this trend a major **determinant of** this trend

Answer 123

climate conditions It is cold for **most of the year**. other transportation ways (incorrect) --> other means of transportation alternative forms of transport it remains **unpopular** in many parts of the world **Two major barriers** are challenging climate conditions and the **relatively high cost of bicycles**. Nevertheless, governments can take **targeted steps** to overcome these obstacles and increase **cycling rates**. One key reason for the **limited popularity** of cycling is the weather in many regions. Countries that **experience prolonged periods of cold temperatures**, **heavy rainfall**, or **strong winds** create an environment that discourages people from travelling by bicycle. Many individuals avoid cycling because they have **a fear of getting sick** or simply find the **experience uncomfortable in harsh weather conditions**. To address this issue, governments could **invest in** research to develop specialized thermal and waterproof cycling clothing that protects riders from cold and wet weather. cyclists & riders bicycles & motorbikes far more practical office workers stay warm, dry, and comfortable

Answer 124

They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them. This frightens people into taking precautions against getting sick. ✅ This scares people about getting sick. ✅ (natural, neutral; slightly less formal than frightens) They have a fear of getting sick. ✅ (formal, neutral) They are afraid of falling ill. ✅ (formal/academic; “falling ill” is more formal than “getting sick”) They are scared of getting sick. ✅ (neutral, everyday English) They fear becoming ill. ✅ (formal, academic) ## Footnote This frightens people into protecting themselves from illness. ✅ (formal, precise) This frightens people about getting sick. ✅ (natural, neutral)

Answer 125

Another major reason for cycling’s low popularity the limited popularity of cycling it remains unpopular in many parts of the world criminal investigations have gained immense popularity across many countries In many countries, bicycles are taxed alongside other vehicles, which increases their **final retail price**. provide subsidies for the bicycle industry. reduce production costs, lower retail prices governments have **the power to change this situation**. **By funding the development of** weather-resistant cycling equipment and by **offering financial incentives** for bicycle production and purchase, they can make cycling a more **appealing and accessible** form of transport for the public.

Answer 126

more people have chosen to live alone and **avoid marriage**. This trend is driven by several factors, including the influence of social media and **a general desire to avoid responsibility**. It also has significant negative consequences for society, One major reason behind this **shift** is **the impact of social media**, which often encourages people to **adopt more isolated and introverted lifestyles**. As a result, many individuals **feel less inclined to** pursue marriage or start a family “…show less willingness to pursue marriage or start a family.” **a convenient lifestyle** without **long-term responsibilities** raising a family creates **a substantial burden**, and this idea is frequently **reinforced** by content **they encounter online**. One major issue is **the decline in emotional support**, as **family bonds** play a crucial role in people’s well-being. Furthermore, a rising number of **single-person households** may contribute to **declining birth rates**. **A shrinking population** can create serious **long-term challenges**, such as **labor shortages** and **slower economic growth**. This phenomenon **carries** several negative implications for society

Answer 127

In recent years, an increasing number of people have chosen to live alone rather than **get married**. living alone can offer **personal freedom** which often promotes **individualism and an introverted lifestyle** Many young adults are exposed to online content that **emphasizes personal freedom and independence**, responsibility-free life requiring substantial emotional and financial investment, and this perception is frequently **reinforced** by social media. As a result, **living independently** becomes a preferred choice for many. **The societal consequences** of this trend are considerable family connections & weaken family bonds & family relationships a reduced population the **pervasive** role of social media Addressing these challenges may require **public awareness campaigns** and **social policies** that promote both **independence and family cohesion**.

Answer 128

Family members are more qualified **to** take care of children. Family members are more qualified to care for children. (more formal) childcare centers offer **high-quality educational services** and facilities **Growing up** in a family **reinforces** family bonds childcare centers provide **structured early-learning environments**, whereas others **maintain** that ... these institutions **are equipped** with trained **educators** and **standardized curricula**. Such professional **settings** can enhance **children’s cognitive**, **social**, and **communication skills** in a **systematic way**. For example, **qualified teachers** can introduce **safety rules** and **age-appropriate social behaviors**, helping children become more prepared for **primary school**. This **structured approach convinces** many parents that childcare centers **deliver high-quality early education**. quality education = آموزش با کیفیت qualified teachers

Answer 129

family members can **fulfill children’s emotional needs.** a warm and familiar environment plays a crucial role in **emotional well-being** Children who spend more time with their grandparents, for instance, often **form deeper trust and stronger relationships**, which contribute positively to their social and emotional development. family members provide both **emotional security and meaningful educational experiences**. Parents can purchase simple but effective **learning materials** and teach their children directly family members provide **a more nurturing environment combined with effective early learning**. Childcare centers **deliver** high-quality early education. Childcare centers **provide** high-quality early education. Childcare centers **offer** high-quality early education. preschool-aged children feel secure

Answer 130

Several languages disappear. Several languages die out. ← best and most idiomatic measures to **accelerate** the rate of economic growth [intransitive, transitive] the car **accelerated** toward he [intransitive, transitive] this **distances** them **from** their poets and writers. This communication may **boost** the economy the economy may **thrive** the economy may **flourish** the economy may **prosper** job opportunities the **disappearance** of several languages **is not a major concern** I partly agree with this view because languages **are deeply tied to** cultural identity, **yet** fewer languages could indeed **facilitate** international communication. languages are deeply **tied to** cultural identity languages are deeply **connected to** cultural identity languages are deeply **linked to** cultural identity languages are deeply **associated with** cultural identity languages are deeply **assigned to** cultural identity…” ❌ --> assigned to is wrong here; you don’t “assign” languages to culture.

Answer 131

a language **represents** the history and identity of the people who speak it. individuals **may lose access to** their **traditional literature** creating **a sense of cultural disconnection** **Preserving a language**, therefore, helps people **maintain** a strong **link to** their history. ✔ link to their history → best choice ⚠️ link with their history → acceptable but weaker **having fewer languages** could **enhance** global communication. **A shared linguistic system** makes trade, travel and international cooperation far more efficient. Improved communication may strengthen the economy by **expanding markets** and creating more job opportunities. People would also find it easier to work **across borders**, pursuing careers that better **match their skills**. Improved communication may **strengthen** the economy by expanding markets and **generating** additional **employment opportunities**. Improved communication may **reinforce** the economy by expanding markets and **creating** more **job opportunities** Improved communication may **empower** the economy by expanding markets and **producing** additional **employment opportunities**. although the loss of languages can **weaken** cultural heritage, **the practical benefits** of having fewer languages ... although the loss of languages can **undermine** cultural heritage, the practical benefits of having fewer languages

Answer 132

1️⃣ Social / Cultural Traditions may be eroded. Languages may be eroded. **Trust in institutions** may be eroded. **Community cohesion** may be eroded. **Social cohesion** may be eroded. Rapid urbanization and economic inequality may erode social cohesion. 2️⃣ Economic / Political **Savings** may be eroded by inflation. **Public confidence in government** may be eroded. Workers’ rights may be eroded. 3️⃣ Environmental / Physical Soil may be eroded by wind or water. Coastlines may be eroded by rising seas. Forests may be eroded by deforestation. 4️⃣ Personal / Psychological Motivation may be eroded over time. Confidence may be eroded by constant criticism. Relationships may be eroded by neglect. its cultural identity may gradually be eroded

Answer 133

fields & majors & discipline knowledgeable **Government funding** can encourage more students to pursue essential fields. ✔ university tuition fees ✔ tuition fees ✔ university fees (کاملاً رایج) **funding university fees** Funding university fees **places** a huge financial **burden** on governments.” ← best Funding university fees **imposes** significant financial burden on governments. Funding university fees **creates** a substantial financial burden for governments. ==> A burden is not something you have in this context — it’s something you place / impose / create. they neesd object. discourage students **in** other fields

Answer 134

As a noun The government **provides a subsidy** to farmers to stabilize food prices. Public transport **receives a substantial subsidy** to keep fares affordable for low-income residents. Without state subsidies, many renewable energy projects would not be financially viable. Without state subsidies, many renewable energy projects would not be financially feasible. Housing subsidies can help young families enter the property market. The airline survived the crisis only because of a massive government subsidy. With common collocations The state **offers financial subsidies** to encourage electric vehicle production. These companies depend heavily on government subsidies. These companies rely heavily on government subsidies. **Removing fuel subsidies** may lead to higher living costs. **Eliminating fuel subsidies** may lead to higher living costs. In a cause–effect structure Providing subsidies to small businesses can **stimulate {generate}** **economic growth and job creation**. Excessive agricultural subsidies may **distort** the free market and reduce competition. Excessive agricultural subsidies may **disrupt** the free market and reduce competition Band-boosting version Targeted subsidies can promote sustainable industries while minimizing long-term fiscal pressure on governments. Targeted subsidies can promote sustainable industries while minimizing long-term financial pressure on governments. ## Footnote Subsidies can distort prices. یارانه‌ها می‌توانند قیمت‌ها را غیرواقعی کنند. Media may distort the truth. رسانه‌ها ممکن است حقیقت را تحریف کنند.

Answer 135

... to argue that governments should **fund** university programs that **serve** national needs while **withholding** financial support from less relevant **disciplines**. This may **increase the number of experts** in areas **facing shortages** and attract **high-achieving students**, resulting in **more capable graduates**. Another benefit is that students receiving financial support can **focus entirely on** their studies **without the burden of tuition fees**, which **reduces stress** and contributes to stronger **academic performance**. These factors **support the government’s efforts** to **fill occupational gaps** more efficiently. Government policies can help fill occupational gaps in **essential professions**. ✅ (formal, correct) Government policies can help fill **employment gaps** in **key sectors**. ✅ (natural, idiomatic) Government funding can help address **labor shortages** in **critical fields**. ✅ (best for IELTS)

Answer 136

**Financing university fees imposes a significant financial burden on governments** and may require **higher taxes**, **potentially** leading to **public dissatisfaction**. **Critics** also argue that **prioritizing certain fields over others** is **inherently discriminatory** and may **discourage** students **enrolled in less-favored disciplines**. Consequently, such policies could **inadvertently undermine the development of other fields** that also contribute to society in **meaningful ways**. It can lead to public dissatisfaction and subsequently **civil unrest**. high fines further **inflamed public dissatisfaction** high fines further **provoke** public dissatisfaction high fines further **inflamed public feeling** High fines further inflamed **public sentiment**. High taxes can **provoke public anger** High taxes can inflame public sentiment, leading people to **organize** demonstration**s** “spark civil unrest” or “trigger protests” High taxes can provoke public dissatisfaction, which may **escalate into** civil unrest.

Answer 137

Their experiences do not have the **potential to** contribute to my future. Their content lacks **potential for** meaningful contribution to my future. they prefer to experience them **through** books or movies. they often choose to read or watch **crime-related** content as a **substitute**. I believe crime fiction books, TV shows, and movies **offer little to no real benefit**. Their content does not **contribute meaningfully to my personal development or future**. Moreover, in my opinion, they are **simply** a waste of time that could be spent on more **productive activities** these types of books these genres have become so appealing to audiences One major reason for the widespread interest about the **darker aspects of human behavior**, such as **murder**, **deception**, and investigation. Since engaging in such acts is clearly not an option, **people satisfy this curiosity** by **immersing** themselves in fictional stories. which provides a sense of intellectual challenge and emotional suspense I personally believe that crime fiction books and TV dramas **do not offer any meaningful benefit** have a more positive impact on **an individual’s future career** or personal growth ## Footnote potential for The company certainly has the potential for growth. potential of the potential of the Internet to create jobs immerse somebody/something in something

Answer 138

often repetitive and offer little more than temporary amusement often repetitive and offer little more than fleeting amusement intangible and fleeting benefits/entertainment lasting and tangible benefits/entertainment that are far from everyday life. unproductive Regular exercise should be part of one’s **daily routine**.

Answer 139

[Adjective + deprivation](https://chatgpt.com/c/6957815f-6fa0-8332-95db-58a2d6f46c46) economic deprivation social deprivation material deprivation severe deprivation relative deprivation chronic deprivation widespread deprivation Noun + deprivation sleep deprivation ✅ very common sensory deprivation nutritional deprivation oxygen deprivation food deprivation Verb + deprivation suffer from deprivation experience deprivation face deprivation endure deprivation live in deprivation deprivation of + noun deprivation of basic needs deprivation of basic services deprivation of education deprivation of liberty deprivation of rights

Answer 140

**suffer from extreme stress**, which in turn **increases the risk of** illness. Secondly, **insufficient sleep** often results in fatigue, which reduces productivity and overall performance, especially in the **workplace**. Individuals who struggle to sleep well may benefit from listening to relaxing music before bedtime. They are working together to benefit the whole community. benefit from/by Many thousands have benefited from the new treatment. **growing work and lifestyle pressures** have left many individuals with insufficient time for sleep, leading to **widespread complaints of sleep deprivation**. Lack of adequate rest **chronic sleep deprivation elevates stress levels**, which can undermine mental health and increase **vulnerability to anxiety and depression**. It can expose human mental health to danger.

Answer 141

**insufficient sleep** leads to **persistent fatigue**, reducing productivity and **impairing cognitive performance**. In the **workplace**, this can translate into **lower efficiency, mistakes {increased mistakes}, and even occupational accidents**. **Despite these concerns**, several **strategies** can effectively address this problem. Individuals can improve their sleep quality **by adopting relaxation techniques**, such as listening to **calming music** or **practicing breathing exercises** before **bedtime**. Furthermore, **reducing evening workloads** and **establishing consistent sleeping routines** can help **ensure adequate rest**. For instance, I personally experienced a period of **severe sleep disturbance** but managed to overcome it by **adjusting my evening schedule and incorporating relaxing activities into my nightly routine**. Practicing breathing exercises, such as slow, deep inhales and exhales. establish consistent exercise routines consistent working routines consistent sleeping routines ## Footnote Quick IELTS tip consistently → use for habits, results, performance (academic tone) constantly → use for continuous actions, problems, pressures Example comparison: Students who consistently revise their notes perform better in exams. ✅ Students are constantly worried about exams. ✅

Answer 142

technology has made it possible **for** people **to** choose whether **to** travel within their own country or abroad. It is often argued that more people will prefer to take holidays **domestically rather than overseas**. It is often argued that more people will prefer to take **domestic holidays** rather than **overseas holidays**. ... prefer domestic holidays to **holidays abroad**. ... prefer domestic holidays rather than **traveling abroad**. I could travel within my country **on a low budget** and **for a longer period of time**. As a result, **it is evident** that many individuals are likely to choose **domestic travel.** English uses “**on** a low budget” or “**on** a tight budget.” , **mainly** due to **lower costs** and **greater public awareness**. increased awareness among people It incurs additional costs. It requires more money. more affordable & going overseas

Answer 143

There are some **disadvantages to** this development → formal, neutral, very common in academic essays There are some **benefits to** this development → neutral and formal There are some **merits to** this development → formal, slightly more sophisticated than “benefits” There are some **advantages to** this development → perfectly fine, standard academic phrase There are some **drawbacks to** this development → fine, but “drawbacks” is more common in spoken English There are some **shortcomings to** this development → acceptable, slightly old-fashioned, but fine **this payment method** is more convenient. all of them are stored in **a single device** ✅ ساده و محاوره‌ای All the information is stored in one place. Everything is stored in one place. ✅ رسمی و مناسب IELTS (Band 7–9) All information is stored in a single location. All data is stored in one centralized location. All information is stored on a single device. (اگر منظور دستگاه است) All data is consolidated in one place. 🔥 (خیلی آکادمیک) All information should be centralized in a single location. All information should be decentralized and distributed {spread} across multiple devices. While centralized storage improves accessibility, decentralizing data across multiple devices can enhance security. ✅ Everyday use / informal essay → “your phone battery is dead” is fine. ✅ IELTS Writing Task 2 → better to use “if the phone battery dies” or “if the phone runs out of charge”. such as **theft** and **limited battery life**. mobile payments should **be encouraged**. ## Footnote ❌ چیزهایی که بهتره نگویی ❌ stored at one place (غلط یا غیرطبیعی) ❌ stored in one place توی متن رسمی زیاد تکرار نکن

Answer 144

**Habitat destruction threatens biodiversity**. **Habitat disturbance** caused by deforestation threatens many species with extinction. Plastic waste contributes to habitat destruction. The destruction of habitats **is accelerating** due to urban expansion {urban sprawl}. Discard any old cleaning materials. discarded paper I noticed numerous plastic items on the beach, **discarded by tourists** Tourists usually **discard** their plastic waste on beaches. It is reported that many **animal deaths** plastic waste & , the use of plastic packaging Plastics **degrade** gradually. …due to **the** nature of plastic. It **degrades** very slowly and remains in **the environment** for a long time. …due to **the slow degradation of plastic**, which remains in the environment for a long time. A dead fish in the aquarium will **decompose** rapidly. producing plastics requires oil, and this is gradually **depleting** our oil reserves **Emergency funds** are reserved for natural disasters. Oil resources should **be preserved** for future generations rather than **extracted** excessively. Oil resources should be preserved for future generations rather than **exploited** excessively. Oils are **extracted** from the plants. There are several measures that can address this problem Governments should take the initiative to enact laws **to** restrict plastic packaging. ✅ Governments should take the initiative to enact laws restrict**ing** plastic packaging. ✅ recycling stations such as **resource depletion** and pollution I believe that plastic packaging will eventually become obsolete and be replaced by more **sustainable methods** in the future. ## Footnote For a fish or any organic matter → decompose For materials, chemicals, or environmental pollution → degrade

Answer 145

This may create stronger **bonds** between nations Street markets sell **popular foods** enjoyed by ordinary people. Rice is **a staple food** in many Asian countries. Tourists often try **local** and **traditional foods**. people who prefer wearing watches made of precious metals

Answer 146

getting to know new places I enjoy traveling because I like getting to know new places and different cultures. exploring new places In my free time, I prefer exploring new places rather than staying at home. discovering new places Thanks to modern transportation, people can easily travel and discover new places. someone who enjoys exploring new places (ویژگی شخصیتی) I am someone who enjoys exploring new places, especially natural destinations. becoming familiar with new places (فرایند آشنا شدن) Living abroad helps people in becoming familiar with new places more quickly. I enjoy traveling as it allows me to **discover** new places and experience different cultures I enjoy traveling as it allows me to **explore** new places and experience different cultures

Answer 147

**the** less cash we use, **the** fewer trees will be **cut down** Those unfamiliar with modern technology might **struggle** to use their phones or cards for payments, and therefore may **resist** this change. For instance, I **once** visited a newly **established shop** that only accepted credit cards. some individuals are **reluctant** to use digital payment

Answer 148

, followed by my opinion **on** whether it is a positive development or not. **the influence of** social media **the negative influence of** social media **the adverse influence of** social media ordinary people & the luxurious lifestyles a young person who **follows** these famous individuals online playing sports without **professional guidance** Since most people live in large cities where **respiratory diseases** and **mental health problems are prevalent** , they prefer to improve their well-being by **hiring** private trainers rather than exercising in **public places**. In my opinion, hiring a personal fitness trainer is a waste of money, as exercising in parks **can be equally effective**.

Answer 149

infant/child/maternal/adult mortality an **appallingly** high infant **mortality rate** Many countries offer **paid maternity leave**. Many countries offer **unpaid maternity leave**.

Answer 150

“I have **gained** a lot of **experience** at work.” ✅ (best) “I have **acquired** valuable **experience** at work.” ✅ (formal) ## Footnote experience (uncountable) → gain / acquire / get experiences (countable) → events, trips, incidents

Answer 151

He took the **unprecedented step** of stating that the rumours were false. Crime has increased **on an unprecedented scale**. Crime has risen **to unprecedented levels**. This can increase the mortality rate **to an unprecedented level**. This can increase the mortality rate **to unprecedented levels**. ✅ This can lead to **an unprecedented rise** in the mortality rate. ✅ (best) unprecedented in an event that is unprecedented in recent history

Answer 152

designate appoint

Answer 153

the **efficacy** of that approach is **questionable** The efficacy of that approach is **debatable**. The efficacy of that approach **remains uncertain**.

Answer 154

**unsolicited** advice **firsthand** experience/knowledge/account etc **secondhand** reports/accounts secondhand clothes a secondhand car secondhand store/shop etc ## Footnote “experiences” shouldn’t be plural here. With firsthand, it’s normally uncountable.

Answer 155

The societal consequences significant negative consequences irreversible consequences with lasting consequences

Answer 156

edge your way into/round/through etc something They may edge into criminal activities. Young people under financial pressure may edge into criminal activities. Without proper supervision, students can edge into unhealthy habits. Some small businesses edge into risky investments when profits decline. ## Footnote “edge into” → this verb is not used for deliberate policy actions like taxes. It implies gradual, almost unintentional involvement, usually in negative activities (like crime or risk). Governments “edge into” something sounds awkward.

Answer 157

disinterest in The exception to Balfour’s disinterest in social issues was education. There’s a certain amount of **disinterest** among voters **in** local elections. There’s a certain amount of indifference toward environmental issues. there's a certain amount of disinterest there's a certain amount of indifference These days, there is a certain degree of indifference among young people toward environmental issues. These days, there is a certain degree of **indifference** among young people **to** environmental issues. These days, there is a certain degree of disinterest among young people toward environmental issues. indifference → apathy / not caring ✅ disinterest → neutrality / lack of personal involvement ⚠️ ## Footnote Disinterest → not interested Indifference → don’t care IELTS advice (straight talk) Use disinterest when discussing engagement, attention, participation Use indifference when criticizing attitudes or social problems

Answer 158

nationalism nationalist nationalistic extremism extremist

Answer 159

In an **agrarian economy**, most people live in rural areas and depend on farming for their livelihood. Agriculture plays a key role in the country’s **agricultural economy**. Agriculture is the **backbone** of the rural economy. ## Footnote Use agrarian economy when talking about development level or historical context. Use agricultural economy when discussing markets, output, or economic policy.

Answer 160

**1** a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about their opinions or behaviour → poll carry out/conduct a survey (=do a survey) We conducted a survey of parents in the village. survey of a survey of US businesses survey shows/reveals (that) The survey showed that Britain’s trees are in good health. _______________ **2** an examination of an area of land in order to make a map of it → surveyor The government should conduct a mapping survey. = دولت باید عملیات نقشه‌برداری انجام دهد. The government should survey the area to produce a map. = دولت باید منطقه را نقشه‌برداری کند تا نقشه تهیه شود.

Answer 161

one of the issues is that it It's difficult to reach a consensus about what type of change is necessary. reach a consensus achieve a consensus build a consensus national/international consensus political/scientific etc consensus strong consensus a consensus of opinion a lack of consensus

Answer 162

equity ≠ inequity racial/social inequity equality ≠ inequality social/gender/racial etc inequality Talking about data, outcomes, or statistics → use inequality Talking about policies, fairness, or justice → use inequity Equality → same treatment Equity → fair treatment tailored to need Equality = same resources Equity = fair results **Racial inequity** in access to healthcare has led to **significant racial inequality in life expectancy**. **Racial inequality** in access to healthcare has led to **disparities** in life expectancy. The government must promote **racial equality** through laws, while also ensuring **racial equity** by supporting disadvantaged communities. There is a wide **disparity** in life expectancy between regions. **Pay parity** is **imperative** in the workplace. ” Women workers are demanding **parity with** their male colleagues.” “ Women workers are demanding **equality with** their male colleagues.” ## Footnote برای تحلیل‌ها → disparity / inequality برای عدالت اجتماعی → equity / inequity برای حقوق و دستمزد → parity Use parity when you mean pay or conditions → sounds precise and advanced Use equality when discussing rights and fairness in general If you misuse parity, examiners notice. If you use equality, it’s safe but less sharp.

Answer 163

This additional cost will **be passed on to retail prices**. This additional cost will be reflected in retail prices. The government should **make provision for** people with disabilities. This may lead to **a budget deficit** and ultimately cause **a decline in the value of the national currency**. This can **deplete** the country’s natural resources. **Overfishing** can **deplete** marine resources. **Excessive government spending** can deplete financial resources. This can lead to **malnutrition** among people.

Answer 164

✅ Ways to introduce ADVANTAGES (Band 8–9) This development offers several advantages. One major benefit of this trend is that… This approach provides a number of tangible benefits. A key merit of this development lies in… This trend brings about positive outcomes, particularly in… One clear advantage is its ability to… From a positive perspective, this development can… This development has contributed significantly to… The primary benefit of this change is… This trend can be advantageous in terms of… ❌ Ways to introduce DISADVANTAGES (Band 8–9) Despite these benefits, this development has several drawbacks. One significant disadvantage is that… This trend is not without its limitations. A major shortcoming of this approach is… This development may give rise to a number of problems. However, there are notable downsides to this trend. One potential concern associated with this development is… This approach can have adverse consequences, such as… A critical issue arising from this trend is… Nevertheless, this development also poses certain challenges.

Answer 165

In recent decades, **with the growing popularity of community service**, many people contend that unpaid **community work** should be incorporated into **school curricula {curriculums} {the school curriculum}**. ## Footnote ✔️ the school curriculum (if speaking generally) ✔️ high school curricula ⚠️ schools’ curricula → correct, but stylistically inferior"

Answer 166

benefit **society as a whole** they interact with people **other than their peers** working **for** a charity This might reduce taxes, which would lead **to greater public satisfaction**. without government funding --> NOT "without the government funding" if students clean streets **without pay** cleaning neighborhoods They must **interact** with staff members and gain various skills while completing tasks. Consequently, taxes could decline, allowing governments to allocate these funds to other necessities. Consequently, taxes may decline, or governments can allocate these funds to other necessities. Consequently, taxes will probably decline, or governments will allocate these funds to other necessities. fund(s) & funding ## Footnote ❌ Versions to avoid (even if “understandable”) ❌ people satisfaction ❌ leads to people’s satisfaction (still unnatural) ❌ leads to satisfaction of people (non-native structure) ❌ What to avoid ❌ increase fund (singular, wrong) ❌ increase the funding money (non-native) 🔑 IELTS examiner rule (memorize this) increase funding → policy, support, budgets (default choice) increase funds → specific money pools (less common)

Answer 167

is to **impose** long prison sentences prolonged imprisonment long-term imprisonment long prison sentences are more effective as a deterrent Such punishment can act as a deterrent nuclear deterrence crime deterrence policies serve as a deterrent This type of punishment can frighten individuals **into refraining from** illegal activities. This type of punishment can **deter** individuals **from engaging in** illegal activities. Such punishment can act as a deterrent, discouraging individuals from committing crimes. For example, a person who **is inclined** to commit a crime such as theft may **reconsider** their actions if they are aware of the **severity** of the punishment. **discouraged from committing** the crime modern and **rehabilitative** approaches encouraging **social interaction** an individual who **participates** in such programs reoffend & social reintegration rehabilitate rehabilitation **One such method is designed in a way that requires** offenders **to** participate in community service, such as cleaning public spaces. **One such method is requiring** offenders **to** participate in community service, such as cleaning public spaces. These punishments may **help criminals to integrate into** society by **encouraging social interaction** and improving their **employment prospects**. These punishments may **assist criminals with integration into** society by encouraging social interaction and improving their employment prospects. These punishments may **help criminals become more integrated into** society by encouraging social interaction and improving their employment prospects. an individual who participates in such programs and **builds social connections** may avoid **criminal behavior out of fear of losing these relationships**. long-term imprisonment remains the most effective deterrent to crime.

Answer 168

impose heavy **taxes** on private car owners impose **carbon taxes** on private car owners impose **a carbon tax** on private car owners ## Footnote 2️⃣ The rule (this is the key) When “tax” refers to money collected in general, English treats it as a countable concept → plural. raise taxes impose taxes increase taxes pay taxes Using singular “tax” usually means: a specific type of tax, or the system of taxation as an abstract idea 3️⃣ When singular “tax” IS correct These are fine: a carbon tax an income tax a road tax tax policy tax reform tax rates 👉 Here, “tax” is specific or abstract, not general money."

Answer 169

Think of it this way (simple rule) When you say: education sector tourism sector car industry construction industry 👉 In IELTS writing, these almost always take “the”. Examples: damage to the tourism industry investment in the education sector decline of the construction industry One-line rule to memorize 👉 Specific sector = the + industry 👉 All industries in general = industry (no article) ## Footnote When you mean: the system in a country the system in society a known public system → it becomes specific, so we use “the.” If yes → use “the” If no (general, one of many) → use “a”"

Answer 170

Governments may **cover** these costs by **raising** taxes “Rising” describes a change. “Raising” describes an action. If we take a society with a high obesity rate as an example, it is evident that it requires higher **healthcare expenditure**. “costs” usually collocates with business / production / living “expenditure” collocates with government / public / healthcare **the** healthcare system ## Footnote When you mean: the system in a country the system in society a known public system → it becomes specific, so we use “the.” If yes → use “the” If no (general, one of many) → use “a”"

Answer 171

traffic congestion may **be alleviated** …, it also **has notable** disadvantages, such as social dissatisfaction and **the** weakening of **the** car industry. ... and **the** undermining of the car industry. **--> Rule of thumb:** If the -ing form is an action/activity by itself, no “of.” If the -ing form is a process affecting something else, you need “of + noun.” As a result, this approach can improve **overall public safety**. The most important drawback is that **high taxation** may lead to social dissatisfaction the government’s economic and **taxation policy ** direct taxation (= tax on income ) indirect taxation (= tax on things you buy ) 2 money collected from taxes : --> higher levels of taxation Governments should impose indirect taxation although heavily **taxing** private car owners can bring significant benefits --> tax (v) The government may increase tax rates. The government may tax high-income earners. The government may tax high-income individuals heavily. Another disadvantage is the potential **damage to** the car industry. Another disadvantage is the potential **destruction of** the car industry. Another disadvantage is the potential **weakening of** the car industry “This might cause many workers to become unemployed.” ✅ (smooth, clear, formal) “**This could result in job losses for many workers**.” ✅ (formal, academic, IELTS-friendly) “This might lead to high unemployment among workers.” ✅ (more general, formal)

Answer 172

In recent decades, **childhood obesity** in **W**estern societies has increased **by** approximately 20%. **an** unhealthy diet and **a** sedentary lifestyle including psychological distress and **higher taxes** **Regarding** the causes, childhood obesity can **be attributed to** several key factors uncountable --> Junk food & fast food & food One of the most significant is **an unhealthy diet**. Junk food accounts for a large part of people’s daily diets, which leads individuals**, especially children,** to become **overweight**. many children are inclined to **consume** fast food, many children do not incorporate **physical activity** into their schedules an increase in diseases such as **high triglyceride levels** **psychological distress within society** Governments may **cover** these costs by raising taxes Governments may **fund** these expenses through higher taxes. ## Footnote GRAMMAR: Countable or uncountable? * Food is usually uncountable: There was not enough food for everyone. ✗Don’t say: enough foods * Food is used as a countable noun when talking about particular types of food: The doctor advised her to avoid fatty foods. Butter is a healthy food.

Answer 173

**the** + social fabric Simple & clear “Crime can damage the social fabric of a community.” “Strong families help maintain the social fabric of society.” IELTS Task 2–style (very good for band 7+) “Rising inequality can weaken the social fabric of modern societies.” “A lack of trust between citizens and the government may erode the social fabric.” “Unemployment does not only affect individuals but also harms the social fabric of society.” More advanced / Band 8–9 style “Long-term unemployment can gradually tear apart the social fabric, leading to social instability.” “Mass migration, if poorly managed, may place pressure on the social fabric of host countries.” “Widening income gaps risk undermining the social fabric by increasing social tension and division.”

Answer 174

, and therefore should only work in professions **considered suitable for their gender**. **the** economy I believe that **excluding** men and women **from** certain careers is **inherently a discriminatory act**. I believe that excluding men and women from certain careers is **inherently discriminatory**. **a recent graduate** who **intends** to work as a web developer.

Answer 175

1️⃣ “a graduated person / a graduated woman / a graduated man” ❌ Why it’s wrong: “Graduated” is a verb, not a natural adjective for people. Bad: ❌ a graduated woman Good: ✅ a woman who has graduated ✅ a university graduate IELTS tip: Use relative clauses or noun forms, not verb leftovers. 2️⃣ “discrimination behavior” / “a discriminatory behavior” ❌ Why it’s wrong: “Behavior” is uncountable in academic writing “Discrimination” already exists as a noun Bad: ❌ This is a discriminatory behavior Good: ✅ This is discriminatory ✅ This is a form of discrimination Examiner reaction: “Meaning clear, language weak.” 3️⃣ “people who have high skills” ⚠️ (not wrong, but weak) Why it’s weak: Grammatically fine Sounds basic and repetitive Better: ✅ **highly skilled individuals** ✅ talented professionals ✅ skilled workers IELTS impact: Limits your Lexical Resource score. 4️⃣ “undermine industries” ❌ / ⚠️ Why it’s awkward: Too vague Sounds like a memorized phrase “Industries” is unclear (which industries?) Better: ✅ undermine productivity ✅ harm economic performance ✅ reduce efficiency in the workplace ✅ **damage the economy** **undermine the economy** **leading to the undermining of industries.** IELTS prefers: Specific impact, not vague nouns. 5️⃣ “people cannot work in their fields” ❌ Why it’s wrong: **“Field” should usually be singular** “Their” causes agreement problems Bad: ❌ work in their fields Good: ✅ work in their chosen field ✅ work in their area of expertise **✅ If people cannot work in their field, their skills may be wasted.**

Answer 176

they are **alive** they are **living beings with strong emotions** For instance, if **a lion loses its parent**, it may experience sadness, and some scientists argue that animals can even **become depressed**. ... because they possess intelligence and **the ability to innovate** --> NOT ability of innovation One thing → singular the most important decision the most expensive house the best solution A category / group → plural the most important creatures the most dangerous animals the most influential factors to advance **human society** --> NOT humans' society For example, humans are **at** the top of the food chain; therefore, t**hey are entitled to consume animals**. humans **occupy the top position in the food chain**, which **entitles them to consume** animals for survival and development. a combination of both approaches integrate both approaches adopt a balanced approach combine both approaches providing them with appropriate **living conditions** animal welfare animal rights

Answer 177

OPP inhumane the campaign for the humane treatment of criminals a better, more humane world the inhumane treatment of political prisoners I was shocked by the inhumane conditions.

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