HUBS192 > 16 > Flashcards

16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of URT and LRT

A

Bring air in optimum condition to the respiratory membrane.

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2
Q

What does the larynx do

A

P revents entry of food to LRT and contains the vocal cords.

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3
Q

Function of bronchial tree

A

The bronchial tree carries air to
alveoli, with changes to the epithelium, smooth muscle and cartilage reflecting function.

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4
Q

Where does gas exchange occur

A

Gas exchange occurs at the respiratory membrane in the alveo

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5
Q

Our Body cavities are lined with..

A

Serous membrane

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6
Q

Structure of serous membranes

A
  • double layer of secretory tissue (epithelial cells) with fluid between layers
  • visceral layer on the organ
  • parietal layer on body wall
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7
Q

Examples of serious membranes within cavities

A

Thoracic cavity:
- pericardium
- pleura

Abdominopelvic cavity:
- peritoneum

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8
Q

Body cavities of the trunk

A
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9
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

• Mediastinum
• Heart, vessels, pericardium
• Pleural cavities
• Lungs

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10
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the thoracic cavity

A

Sternum

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11
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the thoracic cavity

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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12
Q

What is the lateral boundary of the thoracic cavity

A

Ribs

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13
Q

What is the superior boundary of the thoracic cavity

A

Base of neck

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14
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity

A

Diaphragm

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Plural cavities - why are lungs seperate

A

So if one stops functioning, you have another

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

Where dies parietal pleura attach

A

Thoracic wall

  • helps lift and contract lungs during breathing
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19
Q

Pressure is inversely propertiaonal to..

A

Volume

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20
Q

What is ventilation driven by?

A

Changes in thoracic cavity

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21
Q

Volume in expiration and inspiration

A
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22
Q

What is Boyes law

A

P = 1/V

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23
Q

Pressure inversely proportional

A

Volume

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24
Q

Pressure measured by

A

Collisions

• smallerspace=more collisions = increased pressure
• biggerspace=less collisions = decreased pressure

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25
Pressure measured by collisions
• smallerspace=more collisions = increased pressure • biggerspace=less collisions = decreased pressure
26
Air will move to ______ pressure space
Lower
27
To make air move when we breath we need to establish a
Pressure gradient
28
What is the pressure between breathes ?
pressure inside cavity = pressure outside. No gradient
29
Increased volume = ________ pressure = air flows ____
Decreased In
30
Decreased volume = _____ pressure = air flows____
Increased Out
31
Boyes law diagram - volume and pressure
32
Driving force for normal breathing
Pressure gradient
33
What connects sternum to ribs?
Costal cartilage (hyaline) - synovial joints - cartilaginous joints
34
The joints between the ribs
Sternacostal - synovial - except 1st = cartilaginous Costochondral - cartilaginous Interchandra - synovial (Between cartilage
35
What kind of joint is sternocostal
- synovial - except 1st = cartilaginous
36
What kind of joint in costochondral
- cartilaginous
37
What kind of joint is interchondral
- synovial
38
Why is first stenocostal cartilagnous
Add stability to base of neck
39
What forms the posterior section of thoricaic cavity
Articulation between thoracic vertebrae and ribs - synovial joints
40
What kind of joint is Articulation between thoracic vertebrae and ribs
Synovial
41
Where to the ribs attach to the posterior
Vertebra - constrotransverse: between rib and transverse process of vertebrae - constovertebral: between rib and body of vertebrae
42
Which of the thoracic joints are not synovial joints
Costochondral and first sternocostal joint
43
Joints allow movement, muscle creates them
Yes
44
What do respiratory muscles do?
Move the rib cage to allow us to breathe
45
Primary muscles of respiration..
- diaphragm - intercostals
46
Accessory muscle of respiration are…
Only activated when needed
47
What kind fo muscle is diaphragm
Skeletal
48
Structure of diaphragm in relaxation and contraction
- sheet of skeletal muscle - some-shaped when relaxed - flattens when contracted
49
What does contraction of the diaphragm do?
Contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity
50
What does diaphragm seperate
Thorax from abdomens
51
Primary muscle of respiration
Diaphram
52
Three openings in the diaphragm
53
Relaxed vs flattened diaphragm
54
How do intercostal muscles attach between neighbouring ribs
Diaganallly
55
Function of external intercostals
- lefts rib cage and expands cavity - inspiration is quiet and forced
56
Internal intercostals function
- depress rib cage and decrease cavity - expiration - forced only
57
What are the accessory muscles ?
Several muscles that attach to the thoracic cage
58
Functions of accessory muscles
• Some accessory muscles increase cavity volume for forced inspiration • Other accessory muscles decrease cavity volume for forced expiration
59
Muscles of respiration during normal ‘quiet’ inspiration
- Diaphragm contracts = flattens • External intercostals contract = lifts ribs
60
Muscles of respiration during normal ‘forced’ inspiration
• Diaphragm contracts = flattens • External intercostals contract = lifts ribs Plus accessory muscles contract to further expand thoracic cavity
61
Muscles of respiration during normal ‘quiet’ expiration
• Passive process • Diaphragm relaxes=dome shaped • External intercostals relax= ribs no longer lifted
62
Muscles of respiration during normal ‘forced’ exspiration
• Passive process • Diaphragm relaxes=dome shaped • External intercostals relax= ribs no longer lifted • Internal intercostals contract= depress ribs • Accessory muscles contract to further decrease cavity volume
63
How do the lungs expand as the cavity does?
• Lung tissue is elastic and always trying to recoil • The pleura make the lungs ‘stick’ to the thoracic wall • Lungs expand during inspiration • Lungs contract during expiration
64
Pleura contribution on thoricaic movement
• Visceral pleura on lungs • Parietal pleura on thoracic wall • Pleural fluid in between – Slippery surface for frictionless movement against other structures – Fluid bond causes lungs to ‘stick’ to thoracic wall • Therefore, thoracic wall movement results in lung movement – Increase volume of thorax increase volume of lung decrease pressure in lung air flows in
65
What does recoil of lungs mean
Expand and go back to original shape
66
Lungs sticking to thoracic wall and moving shit will be in exam or prog test
Yes
67
Forced inhilation and forces exhalation
Big breath in: - diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory muscles contract to increase thoracic cavity volume as much as possible Big breath out: - internal intercostals and accessory muscles contract (and diaphragm relaxes) decrease thoracic cavity volume as much as possible, to force air out
68
Key atomically features of thoracic cavity
- bones, joints and muscle form the thoricaic wall - inside the cavity is the mediastinum, plus lungs within a double layer of pleuara
69
Relationship between presssure and volume
Boyes law: pressure in inversely proportional to volume
70
How do anatomical features change thoracic volume?
Insipiration: diagrpham and external intercostals contract. Accessory muscles contract for forced breathing Expiration: Diaphragm relaxes. Internal intercostals and accessory muscles contract for forced breathing
71
How does our anatomy facilitate breathing ?
- muscles move bones at joints to increase volume/ decrease pressure for inspiration and to decrease / increase pressure for expiration - pleural fluid adheres the lungs to the thoricaic wall to ensure lungs expand and recoil as the cavity volume changes
72
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