5

Question 1

How many heart valves

Answer 1

4

2 on each side (paired)

Question 2

Valves on left side of heart

Answer 2

Atrioventricular valve - between atrium and ventrical
Semilunar valve - controls flow from ventricular chambers to the outflow artery (aorta)

Question 3

Atrioventricular AV valves function:

Answer 3

Prevent blood returning to atria during ventricular contraction (when pressure goes up in ventricular chamber)
- can only go from atria to ventricle

Question 4

We refer the the atrioventricular (AV) valves on the right side as

Answer 4

Tricuspid valve ( has 3 distinct flaps)

Question 5

We refer the the atrioventricular (AV) valves on the left side as

Answer 5

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 6

Location of the 4 valves and how they look in sysitle and diastole

Answer 6

-pumpunary + tricuspid RIGHT
-aorta + bicuspid LEFT

Leaflets also show which one’

AV ones are bigger

Question 7

Why does left chamber look smaller

Answer 7

Due to the rotation within the chest cavity

Question 8

Operation of atrioventricular valves (Diastole and systole)

Answer 8

DIASTOLE
Filling phase - blood flows through valves
- blood fills chambers
- heart is pulsitile pump
- AV valve is open

SYSTOLE (ventricular)
- AV valve is close (pushed shut from the pressure so blood not pushed back the way it came)
- ventricles are contracting
- pulmonary valve (semilunar valve) is then opened

Question 9

Va;ves are opened and closed during…

Answer 9

Different phases of the cardiac cycle

Question 10

Function of semilunar valves

Answer 10

Prevent blood returning to ventricles, once ejected, during filling (diastole)

• once ventricles constrict and push blood into arteries - semilunar valves stop blood from flowing back after the heart relaxes

Question 11

Semilunar valveless on the right side are revered to as

Answer 11

• pulmonary valve, 3 cusps
  (Valves that opens to the pulmonary circulation)

Pushed open during ventricular systole (blood flows out of heart)

Question 12

Semilunar valve on the left side is called

Answer 12

Aortic valve - 3 cusps

Pushed open during ventricular systole (as blood flows out of heart)
Closed as blood starts to flow back

Question 13

Intraventricular septum

Answer 13

Seperates left and right ventricle

Question 14

Papillary muscles and chordate tendineae and AV valve leaflet attachment

Answer 14

• papillary muscle is attached to chordate tendineae
• chordate tendineae is attached to AV valve leaflet
• papillary muscle dont pull leaflet open, they control the rate at which they close

ONLY IN AV

Question 15

Why do semilunar valve not need chordate tendineae

Answer 15

• aortic and pulmonary valve done need them because leaflets are smaller and dint get exposed to as much pressure - support themselves

Question 16

First supply path of the Cardiac circulation (ALL TLAKING)

Answer 16

• coronary arteries (comes from a branch of the ascending aorta, runs over pericardial layer, within a grove between the right atrium and right ventricle and run around groove into posterior of heart that will branch along the way over the epicardium and smooth branches will go down into ventricle
• heart has lots of muscle in myocardial layer - needs lots of blood supply - first branches on systemic system come back and bring oxygenated blood from aorta straight back to heart

Question 17

Arteries of cardiac circulation (talking?)

Answer 17

• first supple is coronary arteries
• left coronary artery branches to form two big coronary arteries
  1 - circumflex artery (circumflexes around to left lateral margin)
  2 - anterior interventricular artery (runs over interventricular septum)

Question 18

3 coronary arteries

Answer 18

• circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery branch from left coronary artery

Question 19

Left and right coronary are

Answer 19

• first branches of aorta

Question 20

Small cardiac vein…

Answer 20

..drains terirtories supplied by right coronary artery

Question 21

Great cardiac vein…

Answer 21

…Drains all the territories supplied by the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

Question 22

Great cardiac vein and small cardiac vein drain back to…

Answer 22

…coronary sinus

Question 23

Cardiac muscle in lingnatudanal section

Answer 23

Striated muscle type

Question 24

Cardiac muscle - transverse section

Answer 24

• lumen only allows one redblood cell

Question 25

Cardiac muscle

Answer 25

Myocardium

Question 26

Features of myocardium (cardiac muscle) - in relation to other muscle types

Answer 26

- features of both smooth and skeletal muscle as well as cardiac muscle specific specialisations

Question 27

Function of of cardiac muscle

Answer 27

Beating of the heart

Question 28

Cardiac muscle tissue structure

Answer 28

- striated - short, branched cells - one (or occasionally 2) nuclei per cell - central (oval shaped) nucleus - cytoplasmic organeels packed at the poles of the nucleus - interconnected with neighbouring cells via intercalated disks (ICDs)

Question 29

Cardiac muscle - longnatudanal section

Answer 29

Question 30

Skeletal muscle - longnatudanal

Answer 30

Question 31

Cardiac muscle in transverse

Answer 31

Can’t see striations

Question 32

Mitochondria in cardiac cell

Answer 32

- mitochondria are 20%of the volume of the cell - very aerobic - mitochondria tells you about aerobic dependent oxygen metabolism - tells us cardiac muscle is - allows it o burn any fuel source - can keep beating - irregularly branched sarcomeres - 2% in skeletal muscle

Question 33

Cardiomyocytes

Answer 33

Question 34

Intercollated discs

Answer 34

Intercellular junctions - 3 different intercellular junction

Question 35

3 different intercellular junctions

Answer 35

1. Adhesion belts (linking actin to actin) ~ vertical portion (functional connection to generate force - shortening) 2. Desmosomes (linking cytokeratin with cytokeratin) - stop cells pulling away during contraction 3. Gap junction (electrochemical communication) ~ horizontal portion Physically propergate by adhesion bels Electrochemiclally propergate via gap junction

Question 36

Conduction system of the heart

Answer 36

- its actions greatly increases the effeicny of heart pumping - this system is responsible for the co-ordination of heart contraction and of atrioventricular valve action - autonomic nerves alter the rate of conduction impulse generation - not nervous tissues but under nervous tone

Question 37

Yap-Agee

Answer 37

SA node produces conduction potentials under its own tone, AV increase or decrease tone. - spreads conduction through chambers through intermodal pathways - internal deal pathways come back together to a unifying structure called the AV node (gate way node) - controls conduction path to the ventricles - AV node is gaitway pathway and allows the filling of cardiac cycle before sending stimulation down to muscle in ventricular stud tube for ventricular systole - AV bundle splits onto R and L bundle branches going to R and L ventricles respectively before they end up in terminal fibres called the perkenjie fibres - these conduction pathways are not nervous tissue but are modified cardiac muscle

Question 38

Answer 38

Question 39

Conduction vs contractile cells - transverse

Answer 39

Conduction cells are bloated - still have oeriferal myofibrils - used to be contractile but they differentiated

Question 40

Conducation cells features

Answer 40

- some peripheral myofibrils - central nucleus - mitochondria - glycogen - lots of gap junctions (cos communication cells) - more abundance then desmosomes and discs as no longer contraction - some desmosomes and few adhesion belts - make up 1% of cardiac cells