💪2. Tissues

Question 1

What is epithelial tissue?

Answer 1

Layers of cells forming linings, membranes, and glands.

Question 2

How are epithelial tissues classified?

Answer 2

By number of layers (simple = one layer, stratified = several layers) and by cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional).

Question 3

What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue?

Answer 3

The top surface exposed to the lumen or external environment.

Question 4

What is the basal surface of epithelial tissue?

Answer 4

The bottom surface attached to underlying tissue via the basement membrane.

Question 5

What holds epithelial cells together?

Answer 5

Cell junctions.

Question 6

Functions and location of simple squamous epithelium?

Answer 6

Reduces friction, allows absorption/secretion. Found in alveoli, capillaries.

Question 7

Functions and location of stratified squamous epithelium?

Answer 7

Physical protection from abrasion, pathogens, chemicals. Found in skin, tongue, mouth.

Question 8

Functions and location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 8

Limited protection, secretion, absorption. Found in glands, ducts, kidney tubules.

Question 9

Functions and location of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

Answer 9

Protection, secretion, absorption. Found in ducts like sweat glands.

Question 10

Functions and location of transitional epithelium?

Answer 10

Allows expansion and recoil. Found in urinary bladder.

Question 11

Functions and location of simple columnar epithelium?

Answer 11

Protection, secretion, absorption. Found in stomach and intestines.

Question 12

Functions and location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Answer 12

Protection, secretion, moves mucus with cilia. Found in nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi.

Question 13

Functions and location of stratified columnar epithelium?

Answer 13

Protection. Found in small areas of pharynx and male urethra.

Question 14

What are glands?

Answer 14

Structures that secrete substances onto surfaces or into fluids.

Question 15

What are the three types of glandular secretion?

Answer 15

1. Merocrine – vesicles released (e.g. salivary gland) 2. Apocrine – part of cytoplasm shed (e.g. mammary gland) 3. Holocrine – whole cell bursts (e.g. sebaceous gland)

Question 16

What are the functions of connective tissue?

Answer 16

Support, protection, transport, storage, and defense.

Question 17

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

Answer 17

Cells, protein fibres, and ground substance.

Question 18

Examples of connective tissue cells?

Answer 18

Fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells), macrophages.

Question 19

What are the main types of connective tissue fibres?

Answer 19

Collagen (strength), reticular (framework), elastic (stretch).

Question 20

What are examples of ground substance?

Answer 20

Fluid (blood/lymph), gel (cartilage), mineral (bone).

Question 21

What are mesenchymal stem cells?

Answer 21

Embryonic cells that differentiate into specialised connective tissues.

Question 22

What is the function of fibroblasts?

Answer 22

Produce protein fibres and ground substance.

Question 23

areolar tissue

Answer 23

Loose connective tissue allowing shape change; supports epithelia and organs.

Question 24

adipose tissue

Answer 24

Loose connective tissue made of adipocytes; cushions, insulates, stores energy.

Question 25

reticular tissue

Answer 25

Framework tissue that maintains shape of soft organs (e.g. liver, kidney).

Question 26

dense regular connective tissue

Answer 26

Parallel collagen fibres linking muscles to bones (tendons) or bones to bones (ligaments).

Question 27

dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 27

Collagen fibres in irregular pattern; provides strength and resists stretching (deep dermis).

Question 28

elastic tissue

Answer 28

High in elastic fibres; cushions shock and allows stretch (e.g. elastic ligaments).

Question 29

What cells are found in all cartilage?

Answer 29

Chondrocytes in lacunae.

Question 30

What is hyaline cartilage and where is it found?

Answer 30

Stiff but flexible support; found at ribs, nose, trachea.

Question 31

What is elastic cartilage and where is it found?

Answer 31

Flexible, returns to shape after distortion; found in ear, epiglottis.

Question 32

What is fibrocartilage and where is it found?

Answer 32

Strong and shock-absorbing; found in intervertebral discs and knee joints.

Question 33

Is bone a connective tissue?

Answer 33

Yes, it’s a supportive connective tissue with mineralised matrix.

Question 34

What are the four types of tissue membranes?

Answer 34

Mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial.

Question 35

Describe mucous membranes.

Answer 35

Line cavities open to exterior; coated in mucus (e.g. digestive tract).

Question 36

Describe serous membranes.

Answer 36

Line sealed cavities (thoracic, abdominal); produce serous fluid.

Question 37

Describe cutaneous membranes.

Answer 37

The skin; thick, waterproof, dry.

Question 38

Describe synovial membranes.

Answer 38

Line joint cavities; secrete synovial fluid for lubrication.

Question 39

What is superficial fascia?

Answer 39

Between skin and organs; areolar and adipose tissue.

Question 40

What is deep fascia?

Answer 40

Dense connective tissue forming internal framework.

Question 41

What is subserous fascia?

Answer 41

Between deep fascia and serous membranes; areolar tissue.

Question 42

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 42

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Question 43

Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?

Answer 43

Striated, voluntary, long fibres, controlled by motor neurons.

Question 44

Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 44

Striated with intercalated discs, involuntary, pacemaker control.

Question 45

Characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?

Answer 45

Non-striated, involuntary, found in organs; slow contractions.

Question 46

What are the main cell types in neural tissue?

Answer 46

Neurons and neuroglia.

Question 47

What are the parts of a neuron?

Answer 47

Cell body (nucleus), dendrites (receive impulses), axon (transmits impulses).

Question 48

What are neuroglia and their functions?

Answer 48

Support cells that maintain structure, repair tissue, and perform phagocytosis.