2.1 antibiotic Flashcards by Leah Holden

What is the MOA of sulfonamides?

Suppress bacterial growth by inhibiting folic acid

Sulfonamides include sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim.

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List the therapeutic uses of sulfonamides.

UTI related to E. coli
GI infections
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

These uses highlight the broad spectrum of sulfonamides.

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What are the side effects of sulfonamides?

Hematologic effects: thrombocytopenia, neutropenia
GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; exacerbates pancreatitis
Hyperkalemia
Kernicterus
Renal damage

These side effects can significantly impact patient health.

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True or false: Sulfonamides should be taken with food to prevent GI upset.

FALSE

They should be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water.

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What are the allergic reactions associated with sulfonamides?

Itching and rash
Photosensitivity
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (rare)

Allergic reactions can vary in severity.

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What are the drug interactions of sulfonamides?

Warfarin
Dilantin
DM medications

These interactions can intensify effects or cause hypoglycemia.

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What is the MOA of penicillin?

Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

Penicillinases can inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics.

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List the classification of penicillin.

Narrow spectrum PCN (sensitive)
Narrow spectrum PCN (resistant)
Broad spectrum (aminopenicillins)
Extended spectrum (antipseudomonal)

Each classification has specific uses and resistance profiles.

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What are the side effects of penicillin?

Rash
Anaphylaxis
Diarrhea

Penicillin is the most common cause of drug allergies.

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What is the MOA of cephalosporins?

Weaken the bacterial cell wall, causing rupture

Cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their spectrum of activity.

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List the generations of cephalosporins.

1st generation: Cefazolin, Cephalexin
2nd generation: Cefotetan
3rd generation: Ceftriaxone
4th generation: Cefepime

Each generation has increased activity against negative bacteria.

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what can each of the cephalosporins do

cefazolin, cephalexin: gram + & prophylaxis
cefotetan: sinus
infection, OM-Otitis
Media (Ear Infection),
Klebsiella
ceftriaxone: Cross BBB Meningitis, gonorrhea
cefepime: CSF Infection,
pseudomonas

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What are the side effects of cephalosporins?

Increased bleeding tendencies
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Nephrotoxicity

Monitoring is essential due to potential adverse effects.

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CEF THE GIANT

G- GI irritation
I- increase glucose values
A- anaphylaxis
N- nephrotoxicity
T- thrombocytopenia

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what can an allergic reaction to ceph look like

Maculopapular rash most
common

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What is the MOA of vancomycin?

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Active against positive bacilli only

Vancomycin is used for MRSA and C. difficile infections.

What are the side effects of vancomycin?

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Ototoxicity
Red man syndrome
Thrombophlebitis

Monitoring plasma levels is crucial to avoid toxicity.

What is the MOA of tetracyclines?

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Suppress bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis

Tetracyclines are broad spectrum antibiotics.

List the therapeutic uses of tetracyclines.

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Rickettsial diseases
Chlamydia
Acne
PUD (H. pylori)

Tetracyclines are effective against a variety of infectious diseases.

What are the side effects of tetracyclines?

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GI irritation
Tooth discoloration
Hepatotoxicity
Photosensitivity

These side effects can limit their use in certain populations.

What is the MOA of macrolides?

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Broad spectrum antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis

Macrolides are alternatives for patients with penicillin allergies.

List the side effects of macrolides.

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QT prolongation
GI pain
Cholestatic hepatitis

Monitoring is necessary due to potential cardiac risks.

What is the MOA of clindamycin?

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Broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis

Clindamycin is used as an alternative to penicillin.

What are the side effects of clindamycin?

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C. difficile associated diarrhea
Hepatotoxicity
Rapid IV administration can cause cardiac changes

Monitoring for signs of C. diff is crucial.

What is the **MOA** of **linezolid**?

Highly effective against positive pathogens ## Footnote Linezolid is used for VRE and MRSA.

What are the **side effects** of **linezolid**?

* Nausea * Myelosuppression * Headache ## Footnote Monitoring CBC is important due to the risk of myelosuppression.

What should you **never do** if you believe a victim may have injured their spine?

Move them unless their current location presents an immediate danger to their life ## Footnote Moving a victim with a potential spinal injury can cause further harm, including permanent paralyzation.

List the **macrolides** mentioned in the text.

* Erythromycin * Azithromycin (Zithromax) * Clarithromycin (Biaxin) ## Footnote Macrolides are broad-spectrum antibiotics used for various infections.

What are the **uses** of **Erythromycin**?

* Bordetella pertussis * Corynebacterium diphtheriae * Chlamydial infection * M. pneumoniae ## Footnote Erythromycin is an alternative to penicillin for patients with allergies.

What are the **side effects** of **macrolides**?

* QT prolongation * GI pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea * Cholestatic hepatitis ## Footnote Erythromycin can also increase plasma levels of several drugs.

True or false: **Clindamycin** is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that can cause C. difficile associated diarrhea.

TRUE ## Footnote Clindamycin is an alternative to penicillin but has limited uses due to the risk of C. diff.

What are the **uses** of **Linezolid**?

* Vancomycin Resistant enterococci (VRE) * Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) * Healthcare associated pneumonia * Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) ## Footnote Linezolid is highly effective against positive pathogens.

What are the **side effects** of **Linezolid**?

* Nausea * Diarrhea * Headache * Myelosuppression ## Footnote Myelosuppression can lead to anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.

What is the **mechanism of action** of **Aminoglycosides**?

Disrupt bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit ## Footnote Aminoglycosides are bactericidal but require oxygen for transport across the cell membrane.

List the **side effects** of **Aminoglycosides**.

* Ototoxicity * Nephrotoxicity * Neuromuscular blockage ## Footnote Ototoxicity can lead to high-pitched tinnitus and headaches.

What are the **uses** of **Fluoroquinolones**?

* UTI * Enteritis * Respiratory tract infections * Bone/joint/skin/soft tissue infections ## Footnote Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics.

What are the **side effects** of **Fluoroquinolones**?

* GI disturbances * CNS effects * Tendon rupture * Phototoxicity ## Footnote The highest risk for tendon rupture is in patients over 60 years old.

What should patients avoid while taking **Metronidazole**?

Alcohol ## Footnote Drinking alcohol while on Metronidazole can lead to severe reactions.

2.1 antibiotic Flashcards

(38 cards)