1
Q
How did joining the WTO affect Pakistan’s fishing industry?
A
- before there was a 200 mile exclusion zone around its coast so only Pakistan’s fishing boats could fish there
- in 1995 Pakistan joined the WTO
- after this, TNC-owned deep sea trawlers were allowed to fish in Pakistan’s waters
- TNCs catch most of fish so Pakistan’s fishing communities left in poverty
- in 2013, charity ActionAid found that Pakistan’s fish stocks were falling dangerously low
2
Q
Gains from Ghana’s role in cocoa trade
A
- one of world’ largest cocoa producers
- since its independence in 1957, the British government no longer set the price farmers would receive
- food prices down because of increased imports
- futures market ensures that products will be bought in the future
3
Q
Losses from Ghana’s role in cocoa trade
A
- TNCs can also get cocoa from other growers (e.g. Ivory Coast), which puts downward pressure on prices
- EU sets tariffs of processes cocoa but not raw cocoa; Ghana could gain more money but tariffs drive up the price for buyers
- ghana joined WTO in 1995; before this Ghana subsidised cocoa growers but WTO does not allow this; this has caused farmer to fall into poverty or give up farming
4
Q
Globalisation in India
A
- sweeping reforms took place in 1991
- India’s TNCs have grown in size and influence
- until 2013, foreign retailers could only open by agreeing to form a partnership with a local Indian business
- these rules have deterred other foreign retailers
- 90% of India’s businesses are family owned
5
Q
Issues with cotton farming in India
A
- Indian farmers mainly grow cotton
- 2/3 of the crops were ruined by worms
- Farmers now have to spray pesticides which is harmful to the farmers
6
Q
Impacts of use of pesticides in Indian cotton farms (7)
A
- People end up dying from the pesticide poisoning
- Farmers go into debt from buying the pesticides
- 7,000 farmers committed suicide by drinking the pesticides
- Workers life expectancy is 35 years
- symptoms = constant headaches, always feeling nauseous, cant breath properly
- Organic cotton will decrease all of this bad impacts
- However companies do not want to invest in it as it is more expensive
7
Q
China before the 1978 Open door policy
A
- prior to 1978, China was poor, politically isolated, and not in the global economy
- under mao, millions died from famine and most lived rurally in poverty
8
Q
China’s 1978 Open Door Policy
A
- in 1978, Xiaoping began ‘open door’ reforms where China embraced globalisation under one party rule
- reforms included: controls of number of children, allowing farmers to make profit
9
Q
Next 30 years after China’s 1978 open door policy (5)
A
- 300 million people left rural areas for cities
- registration system called hukou prevented rural villages from emptying
- 200 more cities with more than 1mil inhabitants
- urban mega region of 120mil people in cities in the Pearl River Delta
- urbanisation led to the growth of low-wage factories
10
Q
long-term impacts of China’s 1978 open door policy
A
- by the 1990s, 50% of China’s GDP was generated in SEZs
- by 2015 - many workers were making $40/day or making high quality goods
- today China is the world’s largest economy, and 400million people have escaped poverty since reforms began
11
Q
Why is North Korea a switched-off place?
A
- autocracy run by a single family
- no underseas data cables connecting North Korea to anywhere else
- 100% literacy rate
- <0.1% of people have internet access
- 178th on political freedom index
- big divide between elite + ordinary people
- $78.8m net official development assistance
12
Q
The Sahel Region location
A
- Dry grasslands located south of the Sahara (West Africa)
- e.g. Chad, Burkina Faso, Mali
13
Q
Why is the Sahel Region a ‘Switched off place’
A
- mismanagement of natural resources
- colonial history
- landlocked countries
- struggle to attract FDI
- extreme environmental conditions increase cost of infrastructure
14
Q
Globalisation in the Sahel region
A
- global links are shallow
- subsistence farmers often dependent on food aid
- some grow cash crops for TNCs but wages are very low
- so global brands don’t view these places as viable markets
- change may come soon as there is rapid economic growth in neighbouring countries; e.g. Mali’s folk music has gained a following on YouTube
15
Q
Describe the global shift to China
A
- 1970s+80s, manufacturing began to move from Europe/USA to Asia
- changes in economic policy allowed for this
- cities like Shenzhen offered low-wage labour
- since 2000, China has been largest recipient of FDI
- China’s global trade increased from 3% (2001) to 10% (2013)
- 2015, over 150 cities with populations over 1million
16
Q
Global shift China - benefits
A
- Investment in infrastructure; by 2016 China has an advanced railway system, 250 airports
- reduction in poverty; between 1981 and 2010, people in poverty reduced by 680m and extreme poverty reduced from 84% to 10%
- increases in urban incomes
- better education & training; 94% of over 15s are literate (compared to 20% in 1950), big rural-urban divide in education spending
17
Q
Global shift China - costs
A
- loss of productive farmland; industrialisation caused over 3mil hectares of land to be polluted with heavy metals
- increase in unplanned settlements; increased demand for urban housing, land prices increased, forced to build on farmland
- pollution and health problems; air and water pollution, extreme water shortages, respiratory problems
- 40% of China’s farmland suffering land degradation (erosion, acidification, deforestation, intense grazing)
- over-exploitation of resources; China has to import from Africa and Latin America
- loss of biodiversity
18
Q
Deindustrialisation in Manchester
A
- deindustrialisation after WW2
- 1971-81 lost 50,000 of full time jobs and 17.5% of population
- area described as empty; social exclusion, crime, deteriorating living conditions
- uneven development driven by globalisation and facilitated by UK government
- late 1970s government stopped trying to spread growth among UK cities
- 1986 ‘Big Bang’ deregulated London’s financial markets to establish it as a financial centre
19
Q
Responses to deindustrialisation in Manchester
A
- city leaders employed economic strategies to improve its position in global markets
- turnaround extremely successful
- there are still problems in other deindustrialised regions
20
Q
Causes of deindustrialisation in Redcar
A
- North Yorkshire seaside town
- main employer was Teeside steelworks
- steelworks closed in 2015 after a few struggling years and being in operation for 140 years
- more than 300 workers lost jobs
21
Q
Impacts of deindustrialisation in Redcar
A
- dereliction; industrial buildings and land used by steelworkers abandoned
- depopulation & contamination; many residents forced to move out so streets left empty and vulnerable to vandalism and flytipping
- unemployment is 8.3% in redcar (compared to 5.3% nationally)
- deprivation; among 20% most deprived for healthcare, 25% of children in low-income families, life expectancy lower than national average
22
Q
causes of Karachi’s growing population
A
- megacity in Pakistan
- population of over 24 million
- estimated to be growing at rate of 5% annually.
- Most migrants are drawn from rural areas of Pakistan, but some come from neighbouring countries such as Afghanistan
23
Q
Impacts of unplanned settlements in Karachi
A
- Services are provided on the basis of neighbourhoods pooling their resources to lay sewerage lines to the nearest disposal points, which are often natural storm drainage channels, rather than a proper system.
- The efficiency of the city’s waste management is severely compromised as a result.
- Poverty causes the political and social alienation of young people, which in turn leads to ethnic violence and crime
24
Q
Conditions in unplanned settlements in Karachi
A
- homes made out of bamboo and industrial waste material in the dry riverbeds within the city.
- on landfill sites and informal garbage sorting
- residents pay rent to criminal gangs supported by the police or officials of local government agencies.
- no legal electricity or water connections, no schools, health centres or open spaces.
- outer settlements expanding due to city government’s failure to manage the structure of the city and the great difficulty of finding a place to live in a more established slum near the city centre.
25
Elite migration in London
- flows of skilled wealthy migrants to London
- in 2013, 83% of property deals involved foreign buyers
- mostly from Qatar and Russia
- Qatari investment bought into the Shard, Canary Wharf, Harrods, Olympic village
- between 2004 and 2014, a third of property sales were to Russian, which lead to house price inflation
26
Low-wage migrants - UAE and Qatar
- small populations so recruit manual workers from overseas
- 90% of UAE's workforce are migrants; their visa are tied to particular jobs so there is a risk of deportation
- led to rapid building of infrastructure for high-end international tourism & services
- in 2014, 1.4m migrants in Qatar (over 400k from Nepal)
- many working on stadia for 2022 world cup - accidents are common
27
What does occupy London believe?
- anti-globalisation group
- want new political & environmental system that puts people, democracy, and the environment before profit
- want structural change promoting global equality and a sustainable economic system
- stand with the globally oppressed
28
Describe the Paralymic movement
- first official games in 1960 Rome
- athletes from 159 nations took part in 2016 Rio games
- aimed to create an elite sports competition for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic Games.
29
What does the Paralymic Movement suggest about globalisation?
- the games set a precedent that has now been formalised.
- The success of the Paralympic movement alongside the globalisation of sports by key players such as the International Olympic Committee shows how globalisation can create new opportunities for disadvantaged groups.
30
Describe Bhutan's culture
- distinct culture, language, and traditions
- values GNH (happiness) over GDP
- heritage sites bill, which protects monuments + cultural traditions
- Bhutan Broadcast service
- national dress in government meetings and schools
31
Changes in Bhutan
- In 2002 farming accounted for 26% of its GDP but by 2011 that was down to 16%
- In 2004, the country had around 800km of roads, 2012 increased to 5,500km
- Bhutan has a promise to keep 60% of its landmass as forest; however roads keep on coming
- 11 more hydropower plants are expected to open
- Poverty rates have halved in less than a decade
- Electricity arrived in 2012
- money raised from tourism accounts for 6-9% of GDP
32
Concerns about change in Bhutan
- There are concerns in tourism that the people migrating to Bhutan will want a different culture to the one they already have
- Heavy machinery that is used to cut new roads has ruined the peace of the quiet suburban villages
- Economy is already shifting mainly due to four massive hydropower projects. This can mean that many people are left behind.
33
Extremism UK
- rise in popularity for far right in the UK
- e.g. National Front, EDL, Britain First
- protest/riots against immigration, Islam etc.
- want to maintain Britain's cultural identity
34
Describe the Mekong river conflict
- major river in 6 countries in South East Asia
- China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
- 60 million people depend on river
- 1995 treaty required governments to agree on dam proposals before going ahead with them
- dams now being built/proposed in Laos and China
35
Benefits of dams in the Mekong river
- Laos to become 'battery of Asia' so benefits from employment, water, and HEP
- other countries benefit from electricity generated
- economic growth and industrial development in Laos, China, Thailand
36
costs of dams in the Mekong river
- reduce river flow downstream
- affects livelihoods of fishermen downstream as not enough fish
- fewer nutrients brought by river for agriculture
- nearly all of Cambodia in Mekong basin and depends on its annual flooding for rice-growing
- 40% of Vietnam's population relies on the fertile land in Basin
37
What is the Bristol Pound?
- a local and community currency that was created to improve Bristol's local economy.
- aims to support independent traders, in order to maintain diversity in business around the city.
38
Social benefits of Bristol pound
- stronger bonds between local consumers and businesses
- increases social capital (the value of social networking in spreading trust and cooperation so that everyone benefits)
39
Social costs of the Bristol pound
- very inclusive locally, but excludes outsiders.
- disincentive to build wider connections
40
Environmental benefits of the Bristol pound
- reduces dependence on international trade and enhances self-sufficiency.
- decrease emissions through reduced transportation costs.
41
Environmental costs of the Bristol pound
- Global trade allows for commodities to be produced in the most resource-efficient location.
- The costs of transport do not necessarily outweigh these gains
42
Economic benefits of the Bristol pound
- multiplier effect.: Money keeps on circulating locally to benefit local independent businesses in the area
- If the money is spent at a supermarket chain instead, more than 80% will leave the area almost immediately
43
Economic costs of the Bristol pound
- consumers can miss out on the price benefits of competition in national and regional markets.
- e.g. Aldi and Lidl often charge lower prices than local traders, as a result of their European scale and buying power
44
Describe the Todmorden Transition Town
- town in South Pennines
- much of food on sale grown locally
45
Describe the Incredible Edible Todmorden campaign:
- campaign aims to encourage consumers + growers to work together for long-term good of planet
- IET has created 40 public fruit + veg gardens
- they stage regular educational talks + events
46
Rana Plaza factory collapse
- the collapse of the Rana Plaza factory in Bangladesh in 2013 impacted many garment TNCs.
- 1134 people were killed
- The TNCs relying on the garment factory lost profit and their production source
- the whole industry faced intense scrutiny over TNCs exploiting workers and providing unsafe working conditions
Edexcel A-Level Geography
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
1.1 Tectonic processes and hazards163
-
1.1 Case studies29
-
1.2 Coastal landscapes and change166
-
1.2 Case studies36
-
1.3 The water cycle and water insecurity146
-
1.3 Case studies38
-
1.4 The carbon cycle and energy security139
-
1.4 Case studies22
-
2.1 Globalisation128
-
2.1 Case studies46
-
2.2 Diverse places61
-
2.2 Case studies44
-
2.3 Superpowers114
-
2.3 Case studies9
-
2.4 Health, human rights, and intervention82
-
2.4 Case studies45
