1
Q
North of England economic growth
A
- 3.8%
- 4.3% for rest of England
2
Q
reasons for rapid population growth in south east
A
- international migrants drawn to areas with job opportunities and growing economies
- migrants of working, child-bearing age
- physical location means easy access to continental Europe, which increases trade
- bigger population = multiplier effect = increased investment and more services
3
Q
reasons for slow population growth in North East and Wales
A
- internal migration to south east
- not as attractive to international migrants
- perceived higher standard of living in south
- loss of heavy industrial activity
- fewer people on NE = loss of investment and service = spiral of decline
4
Q
Why has London grown more rapidly than Northern England? - demographic reasons
A
booming economy has led to rapid internal and international migration, particularly of young graduates
5
Q
Why has London grown more rapidly than Northern England? - economic reasons
A
- population growth resulted from London’s expanding knowledge economy, which led to an influx of highly-qualified workers
- in NE, slow population growth has resulted in collapse of traditional industries so many workers leave to find work elsewhere
6
Q
Why has London grown more rapidly than Northern England? - social reasons
A
- falling mortality rate of over 65s and improved care of elderly mean longer average life expectancy
- in London, life expectancy rose from 73.3 in 1993, to 80.0 in 2013
7
Q
Why has London grown more rapidly than Northern England? - migration
A
- in 2004, government signed agreement with EU members to open borders and allow free flows of people
- key driver of population change from 1990s has been net international migration (has contributed to 69% of population growth)
8
Q
East Devon - population and services
A
- low population density
- more older people as is a popular retirement location
- limited public transport (1 bus every half hour) - connected to Exeter
- jobs based in tourism, agriculture, etc.
9
Q
Tower Hamlets - population and services
A
- UK’s lowest proportion of over 65s
- better public transport connections - connected to all parts of the UK
- greater ethnic diversity - 33% of population from Bangladesh
- more expensive to live
- expanding knowledge economy (finance, law, advertising, media etc.)
- greater job vacancies
10
Q
Brent population structure
A
- average age: 35
- 36% white British
- 63% English speaking
- most common second language is Gujarati
- 35% of children in poverty
- negative net internal migration
- positive net international migration
11
Q
Bromley population structure
A
- average age: 40
- 78% white British
- 94% English speaking
- most common second language is Polish
- 18% of children in poverty
- positive net internal and international migration
12
Q
Why is Brent more ethnically diverse than Bromley?
A
- higher international migration as migrants attracted to employment opportunities and services of central London
- social clustering of ethnic groups
13
Q
Why is Bromley less deprived than Brent?
A
suburban area with wealthier residents that commute to London to work
14
Q
Oxford housing crisis - problems
A
- avg house price over 11 times the local wage
- needs 24-32000 homes by 2031 to meet demand
- recruiting for jobs difficult due to lack of affordable homes, affecting local economy and quality of services
- universities held back in global competition for research talent
- over half of Oxford’s workforce commute into the city
- commuting distances are increasing
- pressure on infrastructure not sustainable
15
Q
Oxford housing crisis - solutions
A
- in 2014 council set up review of the green belt and 6 sites may be released for new housing
- government tried to encourage building of more affordable housing
- planning permission granted for new developments must include affordable dwellings
- rents and sale prices subsidised
16
Q
Oxford housing crisis - stakeholders
A
- residents
- Oxford university, students
- NGOs: Heritage NGO, Homes for Oxford
- Large city employers: Oxford Bus Company, BWM mini Oxford
- Governance: council, social services
17
Q
Oxford Stakeholder: Oxford city council
A
- Called for more greenbelt land to be built on because there is no room for new homes
- Families with several generations are forced to live in one house
- 3,300 households on the waiting list for social housing
- Reason why 1 in 4 children live in poverty
18
Q
Oxford Stakeholders: Oxford University
A
- Need to build 16 more units of affordable housing for all of their staff
- Only way to build more housing to build more houses to accommodate everyone
19
Q
Oxford Stakeholders: Heritage NGO
A
- Issued a last minute plea to councillors to reject plans for nearly 4,000 homes on greenbelt land
- Protests been planned to make and preserve oxford and its rural identity because it’s such a beautiful county to live in
20
Q
London today - perceptions
A
- wide range of employment opportunities
- range and quality of commercial and social services
- variety of entertainment and other leisure activities
- diversity
21
Q
London today - reality
A
- high living costs
- social isolation
- poor environmental quality
- crime
- ethnic diversity
- pace and stress
- social polarisation
22
Q
Notting Hill - History
A
- Post ww2 - British Empire was encouraging caribbean people to migrate; they were attracted to Notting Hill by cheap housing
- 1950s - infamous for its sum of landlords and inner-city deprivation
- 1958 - race riots due to racial tension
- 1960s + 1970s - gentrification begins as young professionals and managers began moving in
- 1990s - pioneers increasingly replaced by very wealthy individuals - property prices rocket
23
Q
Media representation of Notting Hill
A
- Notting Hill film presents it as busy, lively, and vibrant, with a variety of people
- working class people written out of media accounts
- Notting Hill carnival presented to be both lively and vibrant as well as full or violence, crime, and drug and alcohol use
- news suggest that little has changed in terms or racism and inequality since 1958 race riots
24
Q
Notting Hill population
A
- has previously had a large West Indian population following Windrush
25
Negative opinions of Notting Hill through lived experience
- gentrification is pushing out real people
- area is becoming more expensive, large firms buying up properties to house overseas guests
- area turning into Chelsea
- lack of facilities for children
- high levels of drug abuse
26
Positive opinions of Notting Hill through lived experience
- has retained multicultural roots despite gentrification
- drugs and associated problems pushed up towards Harlesden
- gentrification benefits wealthy residents
27
UK population structure
- population: 67million
- population 100 years ago: 42million
- 13% of population are migrants
- 81% of population white British
28
Why does London have the greatest net international migration?
- international hub
- often is point of arrival
- variety of unskilled, semi-skilled, and professional job opportunities
- large number of TNCs
- historic migration leads to family connections
- in the south where tertiary/quaternary/knowledge economies are growing
29
Tensions over change - London docklands
- tensions between new young professionals and original working class population
- jobs created are not suitable for skill set of population
- jobs mostly went to people moving into the area
- new housing built was expensive apartments
30
Opportunities from change - London docklands
- improvements in infrastructure like the DLR (docklands light railway) and London city airport
- 23,000 new homes
- training schemes for local people
- many major TNCs like HSBC have their HQ on the isle of dogs
31
Olympics development - tensions
- forced purchase orders (compensation paid)
- increased house prices (increased by a third)
- lack of social housing
- broke up communities
- only 20% of jobs created went to locals
32
olympics development - opportunities
- improvement in services and environment
- aquatic centre, Westfield shopping centre, and Olympic stadium all boost economy of local area
- derelict land removed and wetland areas created in Lea Valley area
- 2 million tonnes of toxic soil removed, 4,000 trees planted
- provides 3000 jobs
33
change in rural cumbria - tensions
- change to tourist based economy
- increased house prices
- second home ownership and loss of community
- services not meeting the needs of local people
- congestion
- low-paid and seasonal employment - weekly earnings £50 below national average
34
change in rural cumbria - opportunities
- brings wealth and jobs to the area
- farmers can diversify production
35
change in Rural Lincolnshire - tensions
- in migration of Eastern Europeans
- pressure on services and housing
- 40% of children have English as a second language
- 25% of the 70,000 population are Eastern European
- 21% of locals have negative attitudes to migration
36
change in rural Lincolnshire - opportunities
- lost cost productive labour in agricultural based economy
- 500 Eastern Europeans working in Lincolnshire
37
Ethnic diversity in Luton
- place with largest proportion of ethnic minorities in UK, mostly South Asian
- large Muslim population (20,000)
38
Tensions in Luton
- linked to Muslim extremism in the past through some members of population leaving for Syria
- protests when members of the British army returned from Afghanistan
- Number of Muslims in some area causing White British people to move elsewhere (white flight), leading to high levels of segregation
- Britain First have held protest marches in Luton, leading to violent clashes
- some residents feel that British culture and job opportunities are being lost due to influx of migrants
39
Cornwall description
- county in the South West
- major towns include Newquay and St. Austell
- only city and home to council headquarters is Truro
- population is 565,000
- contains different landscapes including beaches and moorlands
40
Cornwall- Stakeholders
- residents
- farmers
- business owners
- educational institutions
- county council
- social services
- EU
- NGOs: Cornwall wildlife trust, Surfers against sewage
41
Cornwall Stakeholders: farmers
- Prices paid to farmers have not been enough to earn a decent living
- Incomes fell sharply in the late 90s from £80,000 to £2500
- Then increased back up to £12,500 in 2003
- As an hourly rate, still less than the national minimum wage
42
Cornwall Stakeholders: environmental groups
- Cornwall wildlife trust manages over 50 nature reserves
- Want to create a safe haven in which wildlife can thrive and spread
- Charity that relies on membership and donations from their supporters and on the efforts of their 300 volunteers to help make cornwall wilder
- Surfers against sewage found that only 14% of the UK rivers meet good environmental standards
- UK water companies discharged sewage into the rivers over 200,000 times in 2019 alone
- Say there is something very wrong about us polluting their habitat and pushing some species to the edge of extinction
43
Cornwall Stakeholders: Cornwall council
- Economy has grown and the gap in average wages has reduced
- Many jobs are dependent on the visitor economy but there is an opportunity to grow a more diverse mix of jobs
- Deep inequalities in health and wealth and cornwalls economy was one of the worst affected by the pandemic
- Cornwall still remains one of the most deprived in the country
44
Cornwall stakeholders: Social and health services
- West cornwall is one of the county's most remote area
- Population is elderly
- A shorter life expectancy and a greater likelihood of serious illness and disability
- Increase in adults under 60 who suffer anxiety
- Only 38% of west cornish villages have a doctor's surgery and their opening hours vary
- Access to transport for serious medical appointments is difficult
- Buses to St Ives + Penzance only travel there 3or4 times a day
Edexcel A-Level Geography
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
1.1 Tectonic processes and hazards163
-
1.1 Case studies29
-
1.2 Coastal landscapes and change166
-
1.2 Case studies36
-
1.3 The water cycle and water insecurity146
-
1.3 Case studies38
-
1.4 The carbon cycle and energy security139
-
1.4 Case studies22
-
2.1 Globalisation128
-
2.1 Case studies46
-
2.2 Diverse places61
-
2.2 Case studies44
-
2.3 Superpowers114
-
2.3 Case studies9
-
2.4 Health, human rights, and intervention82
-
2.4 Case studies45
