1
Q
Define globalisation
A
the increasing interdependence between countries through flows of capital, trade, goods and services as well as culture and ideas
2
Q
Reasons for accelerating globalisation - economic (3)
A
- The volume and influence of TNCs has increased
- online shopping between countries has become more common
- Stocks are traded from across countries and countries invest in each other (Foreign Direct Investment).Some financial businesses (pension funds and investment banks) trade large amounts of currencies in order to make profit
3
Q
Reasons for accelerating globalisation - political (3)
A
- Trade blocs (e.g. NAFTA, EU) have become more influential and have reduced tariffs and other protectionist measures.
- IGOs (e.g. IMF, WTO and the World Bank) work to harmonise economies, whilst promoting democratic ideology.
- Political views and ideology are expressed in worldwide media outlets (e.g. BBC, Fox, CNN.)
4
Q
Reasons for accelerating globalisation - migration (2)
A
- International migration has led to extensive family networks living across the globe, leading to the spread of culture and finance (through remittances).
- International tourism has increased - more people can travel abroad for holidays due to lower transport costs.
5
Q
Reasons for accelerating globalisation - cultural (1)
A
Americanisation and Westernisation of other (often developing) parts of the world.
6
Q
Reasons for accelerating globalisation - flows of commodities (2)
A
- Goods can easily be imported, increasing countries interdependence on one another (some UK bottled water is imported from Fiji, which is 10,000 miles away)
- The volume of manufactured goods has increased rapidly due to low cost countries such as Bangladesh and Vietnam
7
Q
Reasons for accelerating globalisation - technology (3)`
A
- The internet has rapidly allowed the spread of information and knowledge.
- Social networking sites have become very popular (Facebook had 1.5 billion users in 2015). Networks can allow the spread of culture, ideology and opportunities for migration and tourism.
- Enormous server farms exist currently (e.g. Microsoft’s data centre in Washington) which store substantial amounts of data
8
Q
Describe lengthening of global connections
A
people can now travel further afield and goods are brought in further away.
9
Q
Describe deepening of global connections
A
connections are penetrating more in depth into most aspects of life
10
Q
Describe faster speed of global connections
A
people can now talk in real time from different parts of the world and you can travel much faster than previously between different countries etc.
11
Q
Examples of global interdependence - political (2)
A
- international political issues require countries working together in order to solve them. Issues raised must have unanimous decisions from nations
- countries rely on others to intervene if there is political unrest
12
Q
Examples of global interdependence - environmental (1)
A
- all nations are affected by other nations greenhouse gas emissions, nuclear waste emissions etc. meaning all countries rely on each other to protect the environment
13
Q
Examples of global interdependence - economic (1)
A
- countries are dependent on the flows of labour, products, and services entering the country in order for the economy to grow. Labour provides a workforce; products and services mean countries can develop and make more money
14
Q
Examples of global interdependence - social (2)
A
- migration has caused social interdependence as there are now diasporas all over the world that are dependent on the place they live in
- countries rely on each other for leisure activities (e.g. TV shows produced in other countries)
15
Q
innovations in transport technology in the 19th and 20th centuries (3)
A
▪ Steam power – In the 1800s, Britain was leading the world in the use of steam technology. This allowed the British to move their goods and armies very quickly
▪ Jet aircraft – Newer and more efficient aircraft have allowed goods to be transported quickly between countries. Increasing competition between affordable airlines has led to more people being able to travel abroad.
▪ Containerisation – All sorts of goods are transported across the world, lower costs of transport is beneficial for both businesses and consumers.
16
Q
Improvements in technology in the 19th and 20th centuries (1)
A
▪ Telegraph – The first telegraph cables were laid across the Atlantic in 1860s, which allowed for almost instantaneous communication and revolutionised how businesses operated.
17
Q
Innovation in communications in the 21st century (4)
A
▪ Mobile phone usage
▪ Broadband and fibre optics – Since the 1990s, large amounts of data can be transferred very quickly via cables laid out along the ocean floor. The introduction of fibre optic cabling for domestic use has accelerated telephone, internet and television speeds for the home.
▪ GPS – Satellites have allowed companies and people to track goods across the world. GPS has become an essential feature of modern cars
▪ Internet – The internet is now extremely important - approximately 40% of the world’s population have access to it. Social media is extremely influential and, due to their large numbers of users, has led to the rapid spread of news, knowledge and opinions.
18
Q
define flow
A
- When countries share things with one another, it’s known as a flow. This is because things are flowing (moving) from one country to another.
- Flows can be physical like people or products, but they can also be ideas and concepts such as money (capital), services, or `information
19
Q
Different flows in globalisation (5)
A
- capital
- labour
- products
- services
- information
20
Q
Define capital flows
A
Capital flows are the movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade or business production.
21
Q
Define flows of labour
A
Flows of labour are the movement of people who move to work in another country.
22
Q
Define flows of products
A
Flows of physical goods from one country to another
23
Q
Define flows of services
A
- Services are ‘footloose’ industries, meaning they can locate anywhere without constraints from resources or other obstacles.
- Services flow as they can be produced in a different country to where they are received (e.g. international call centres).
24
Q
Define flows of information
A
Any type of information can flow from one place to another via the internet, SMS, phone calls etc. For example, international news.
25
What are 'switched-off' places?
Switched-off areas are usually excluded from global flows of trade, capital, labour and information and these countries are generally left behind whilst other countries prosper and benefit from globalisation.
26
Examples of switched-off places (2)
- Sahel region
- North Korea
27
Reason for being switched-off - environmental (3)
- Landlocked countries cannot be independent in trade (they must rely on its neighbours to travel through before participating in trade)
- Poor fertility of land, mountainous or arid conditions, limited land space can all reduce a country’s ability to produce a commodity for trade
- Some countries are vulnerable to Climate Change, and so the natural environment could change to unfavourable conditions (sea level rise, desertification, etc)
28
Reason for being switched-off - political (3)
- The political agenda and governance of a country may limit flows of people or culture (anti-migration policies, censorship, etc)
- Terrorism or active conflict within a region can be hugely detrimental to their global connectivity.
- Corruption within the government means money is lost rather than invested.
29
Reason for being switched-off - economic (2)
- LEDCs, with little finance extra, cannot afford to invest in ports, infrastructure, incentives for TNCs nor education to improve the skills of its labour force.
- Countries with unstable markets or weak currencies will deter investment and businesses
30
Why might global flows be seen as a threat in some countries? (3)
- Importing raw materials and commodities could hurt domestic suppliers and industries
- Migrants from abroad could create tensions as they may not be wanted
- Foreign information could be seen as a threat (e.g. China’s Great Firewall)
31
Describe the IMF (3)
- The IMF is an organisation based in Washington that loans money to poorer developing nations.
- recipient nation must open up its markets and industries from government control, which in turn leads to privatisation.
- TNCs now have the opportunity to enter those markets more easily which would generate financial activity and tax, but mainly for their host country (which tends to be an MEDC)
32
Arguments against the IMF (2)
- LEDCs fall into debt with their industries privatised, which in turn could lead to profits leaving their country and potential environmental or workforce exploitation.
- Countries which struggle to pay their debt will have to cut back on funding in key areas such as education and healthcare, which further damages the country’s economy and welfare.
33
Describe the world bank
The World Bank, similar to the IMF, loans money to developing nations with the aim of improving development, and so enabling globalisation.
34
Arguments against the world bank
- critics say both the organisation doesn’t benefit developing countries.
- Instead, they promote LEDCs to increase their debts and limit the government’s sovereignty.
35
Describe the WTO
The WTO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and aims to liberalise trade by removing tariffs, subsidies and quotas
36
Arguments against the WTO
The WTO has been criticised because it has failed to prevent the EU and USA from implementing protectionist measures like subsidies, and so it has been unsuccessful from creating equal opportunities for all countries to trade.
37
Government intervention to increase globalisation in the UK (4)
- free market liberalisation
- privatisation
- encouraging business start-ups
- foreign direct investment (FDI)
38
Describe free market liberalisation in the UK (2)
- It is the belief that government interventions in markets would hinder economic growth and development in the long term.
- As a result of market liberalisation, the banking and finance sectors were deregulated in the UK which led to London becoming one of world’s major financial centres.
39
Describe privatisation in the UK (4)
- Until the 1980s, important assets in the UK, such as railways and utilities, were owned and run by the government.
- Thatcher privatised these state-owned industries; private companies bought and ran these services, which has continued to the present day.
- Privatisation allowed the government at the time to raise a lot of money.
- critics believe that privatisation compromises the quality of services
40
Describe encouraging business start-ups in the UK
- Around the world, incentives (grants, tax breaks, infrastructure constructed) are provided by governments in order to attract businesses.
- After Sunday trading began in the UK, many foreign businesses (e.g. Disney) were attracted to establish shops here to profit from this lucrative opportunity
41
Types of FDI (4)
- offshoring
- foreign mergers
- foreign acquisitions
- transfer pricing
42
Define offshoring
TNCs set up production facilities in developing countries, which have large, cheap workforces (e.g. Bangladesh)
43
Define foreign mergers
– TNCs from different countries join to form one larger company
44
Define foreign acquistions
A TNC acquires another company from abroad, often in a hostile way (may involve local job loss, lack of interest in the local environment, etc)
45
Define transfer pricing
– TNCs sometimes channel their profits through subsidiaries in tax havens (e.g. Ireland)
46
Government intervention to limit globalisation (3)
- censorship
- limiting migration
- trade protectionism
47
Describe censorship (2)
- The government restricts the flow of information and knowledge through state-controlled media outlets and internet restrictions.
- Censorship can be used to limit a population’s knowledge of foreign culture and ideas (such as democracy) which could undermine a dictatorship government.
48
Describe limiting migration (2)
- Most countries have some sort of border control and migration monitoring.
- With the rise of right-wing, extremist views, more countries have adopted strict migration controls.
49
Describe trade protectionism
Trade protectionism involves subsidies, tariffs and quotas which help a country to protect domestic industries.
50
Describe free trade blocs (2)
- In order to trade more freely between nations, governments may sign agreements with each other in order to reduce restrictions of the flow of capital and goods.
- Free trade may also encourage the movement of people, culture and knowledge.
51
Benefits of trade blocs (3)
▪ Businesses have a larger potential market to sell to, and so larger potential revenue to make.
▪ As businesses cater for more demand by increasing their volume of production, many other businesses can benefit by providing raw materials, skilled workers or providing outsourcing opportunities. Hence increased business for one may in turn benefit many in a positive feedback loop.
▪ Trade of essential materials or services become more reliable within a trade bloc. There may be less economic risk and better pathways for essential imports (food, energy, etc).
52
Disadvantages of trade blocs (4)
- The interests of countries within major trade blocs are focussed upon themselves.
- Outside trading countries become excluded and find it very difficult to join in trading.
- Foreign industries and suppliers can be directly damaged as a result of competition or lack of opportunities due to trade blocs forming.
- Trade Blocs still don’t guarantee fair treatment within (e.g. USA and Mexico in NAFTA)
53
Examples of restrictions on trade (3)
- tariffs (a tax for importing and exporting goods)
- non-tariff barriers (NTBs), such as quotas (a limit/fixed number of goods) or requirements;
- outright bans on products or country import/exports.
54
Describe trade agreements (4)
- To lower the costs of trade, countries can enter trade agreements, which work to benefit all parties that are involved.
- In trade agreements, certain restrictions can be removed or lessened in return for another country doing the same.
- All trade agreements are overlooked by the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to ensure they are fair.
- e.g. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
55
Describe the KOF index
- The KOF index measures globalisation of countries for political, economic and social indicators.
- It’s measured on a scale from 1 to 100, where 100 is the most globalised nation.
56
KOF Index - political indicators (3)
(39% weighting on overall score)
- Membership of international organisations and trade blocs like EU, WTO, IMF, NAFTA
- Number of foreign embassies located in the country
- Participation in international treaties
57
KOF Index - economic indicators (2)
(37% weighting on overall score)
- Long distance flow of goods and services and capital
- Flows of FDI
58
KOF Index - social indicators (3)
(24% weighting on overall score)
- Personal contact through international phone calls and tourist numbers
- Information flow through the number of internet users per 1000 people
- Cultural proximity through things like the number of McDonalds
59
Describe the AT Kearney Index
- AT Kearney Index is a measure of globalised cities, by a London business.
- It considers economic integration, personal contact, technological activity, and political engagement
60
AT Kearney Index - economic integration (2)
- Imports and exports
- FDI
61
AT Kearney Index - personal contact (3)
- Telephone traffic
- Travel and tourism
- Remittances
62
AT Kearney Index - technological activity (3)
- Internet users
- Internet hosts
- Secure servers
63
AT Kearney Index - political engagement (3)
- Membership of international organisations
- Signatories to international treaties
- Number of embassies
64
Examples of simple measures of development (4)
- GNI
- PPP
- Income per capita
- GDP
65
Describe GNI
- Gross National Income
- the value of goods and services by a country;
- similar to GDP, but GNI also takes into account overseas earnings.
66
Describe PPP
- Purchasing Power Parity
- the expenditure of a country’s population and reflects the cost of living.
67
Describe income per capita
- the mean average income per person (income of the country by population size).
- This can easily hide inequality; the few high earners have a larger influence of GDP than a majority of low earners
68
Describe GDP
- Gross Domestic Product
- measures the total value of goods and services produced in a country.
- Using GDP as a simple economic measure may be inaccurate as GDP doesn’t include any informal earnings or black market economies.
- Furthermore, GDP is measured in US Dollars, therefore can vary as exchange rates vary daily.
69
Examples of composite measures of development (3)
- economic sector balance
- gender inequality index (GII)
- human development index (HDI)
70
Describe economic sector balance
- considers all four main economic sectors - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
- describes the composition of a country’s industry -- As a country develops, primary industries usually decline and their earning reduce whilst secondary and tertiary become more important
71
Describe Gender Inequality Index
measures female participation and treatment within society and considers:
● Reproductive health – Maternal mortality ratio, adolescent birth rates
● Empowerment – Proportion of parliamentary seats held by women,
● Employment – Labour force participation rates of women
72
Describe Human Development Index
a measure of social development and considers:
● Life expectancy
● Wealth (GDP per capita)
● Education (Literacy levels and average number of years in education)
73
Describe TNCs (6)
- TNCs are companies operating across multiple countries
- These companies usually work by having their headquarters, production, and sales all in different countries across the globe , meaning they are a crucial aspect of globalisation.
- They can provide raw products, manufactured goods, services, or information
- they exist in different industries (sectors).
- Overall, TNCs make products, produce jobs, invest in countries, and sometimes contribute to cultures.
- Some TNCs are very powerful, and can even have political influence,
74
How do TNCs influence globalisation? (6)
- TNCs are very influential to a country’s level of globalisation and interconnectivity
- some TNCs have larger revenues than entire countries’ GDPs.
- in 2016, the top 200 TNCs accounted for 25% of the world’s economic activity but only employed 1% of the world’s population.
- However, TNCs are not entirely beneficial, as some exploit the environment and population in favour of maximising profits and manufacturing efficiency.
- The Headquarters of TNCs are usually located in high income countries
- TNCs create links between countries and with other companies. Linkages are created in order to benefit the TNC, and often includes expanding the company.
75
How do TNCs create links through FDI?
- TNCs create links with other countries by investing in them , which benefits the country as this creates jobs and contributes to the economy.
- TNCs can be investments into a factory, for example, but they may also take the form of mergers and acquisitions.
76
How do TNCs create links through integration?
- TNCs often expand their company by creating linkages between other companies.
- There are two types of integration: horizontal and vertical
77
Define horizontal integration
taking ownership of part of the supply chain, e.g. buying a plantation
78
Define vertical integration
- taking ownership of another company , often one that is in a similar industry.
- The food industry is a prime example of vertical integration.
- A lot of large companies control the majority of smaller companies
79
Why have certain TNCs earnt bad reputations amongst consumers?
- The implications of TNCs has become increasingly more known to consumers
- Natural disasters (e.g. 2011 Tohoku Tsunami) can disrupt supply chains which in turn can affect production and hit profits.
- A TNC’s need for interdependence and global logistics can have major implications on global markets.
80
Define outsourcing
- TNCs that provide tertiary industry products (services) will often outsource tasks to other companies in order to save money and time.
- TNCs like Apple outsource their manufacturing process so that profits can be maximised.
81
Define offshoring
- Companies that make manufactured products will often have their factories in LICs due to lower labour costs, better taxes, weaker regulations for workers and weaker environmental regulations.
- This leads to much dispute about the ethical issues with TNCs exploiting poorer citizens in order to maximise their products.
82
Define glocalisation
The adaptation of goods or services by a TNC is to meet local needs or tastes, which would increase custom within a select region.
83
Examples of glocalisation (3)
- Grocery shops based in Bangladesh don’t wrap their vegetables, because customers judge their purchases on the feel of the food (called a wet market)
- McDonalds have created a menu without any beef or pork burgers in India, due to the large population of Hindus and Muslims
- Car makers must change the orientation of the car to suit which side of the road a person will drive on.
84
Describe the global shift
- The global shift refers to how manufacturing and industrial activity has shifted from different
parts of the world.
- Prior to the 1960s, manufacturing industries were located in the west in Europe and the US.
- However after the 1960s, industries relocated to the East in countries like China and India, due to their large, unskilled workforce.
85
Why has India become a hub for outsourcing?
Many Indian citizens can speak fluent English and the Indian government have invested in infrastructure such as broadband capacity, which has attracted high tech companies.
86
Benefits of outsourcing for India (3)
- Workers receive middle class wages which has meant that their disposable incomes have increased
- Other businesses have seen more customers and more spending, especially the likes of shopping malls and nightclubs - positive multiplier effect.
- People running the companies where services are outsourced to have seen increasing profits
87
Costs of outsourcing in India (3)
- Many workers believe that they are exploited, with long shifts and still lower pay than MEDC workers.
- Employees have become demotivated due to the repetitiveness nature of their work.
- The inequality between the richest and poorest is increasing as the poorest are not well educated and cannot benefit from outsourcing jobs.
88
Describe the outsourcing of manufacturing to China
- In the 1990s, cities such as Shenzhen and Dongguan offered investors a large pool of cheap labour for manufacturing and other secondary employment. Since then, the volume of TNCs outsourcing to China has vastly increased.
- Sweatshops - that previously have accelerated China’s globalised status - have now become less popular due to cheaper labour elsewhere and the bad reputation Chinese products have.
- Instead, sweatshops are moving to Bangladesh and Vietnam, whilst new technological outsourcing opportunities move into China, offering higher wages.
89
Benefits of outsourcing for China (2)
- New production methods and techniques brought by TNCs have now been adopted by local companies, so causing local economic development.
- Locals, especially in rural areas who would otherwise be dependent on subsidence farming, now earn a wage.
90
Costs of outsourcing to China (2)
- Many employees have been exploited and their working conditions are dangerous - chemical contact, long hours, limited human rights, relaxed health & safety regulations.
- The environment has been degraded. Rivers and waterways become polluted with arsenic, lead and other dangerous chemicals. The air becomes polluted with particulates, that increase asthma suffers and pollution-related fatalities
91
Describe deindustrialisation
- During the 1970s, many factory workers in Europe and America lost their jobs as TNCs relocated or outsourced their manufacturing to the East.
- This caused a variety of social and economic impacts, which can be seen in cities such as Detroit and Glasgow
92
Impacts of deindustrialisation (5)
- dereliction
- contamination
- depopulation
- deprivation
- increased crime rates
93
Describe rural to urban migration
The migration of people within a country to seek better employment opportunities or a better perceived standard of living tends to be from rural areas to urban cities.
94
Urban pull factors (3)
- employment opportunities
- services
- infrastructure
95
why do employment opportunities attract people to urban areas?
Large businesses and TNCs provide a wide range of jobs, with the opportunity to be promoted to better roles and so higher wages.
96
why do services attract people to urban areas?
- There is a better access to services in urban cities, as the distance needed to travel is reduced and there is more likely to be specialised facilities in the city than in rural areas.
- This can include education, healthcare, government embassies and offices, etc.
97
How does infrastructure attract people to urban areas?
- Transport links - roads, railways, bus routes, etc - are faster and more reliable in urban areas.
- There may be less congestion (if you are moving from a honeypot village, congested due to tourists, to the suburbs).
- Also, there is better internet and broadband connection in urban areas, due to the ease of installation here rather than in the countryside.
- There are usually street lights which makes people feel safer to go out at night.
98
Rural push factors (5)
- poverty
- conflict
- land reform
- agricultural modernisation
- climate and natural disasters
99
Why does poverty act as a rural push factor?
People may not able to earn enough (decreasing earning of farming, seasonal tourist employment) and there are very few job opportunities, therefore there can be high poverty and deprivation in rural regions.
100
Why does conflict act as a rural push factor?
There may be a scarcity of resources which can cause conflict between different groups, as they fight for resources (such as water, land for agriculture or natural resources) and wealth.
101
Why does land reform act as a rural push factor?
- In some regions, locals are unable to prove that they own the land they claim to own, thus TNCs (with government support) claim the land instead.
- This is very common with native, indigenous communities, who have little voice against powerful TNCs.
102
Why does agricultural modernisation act as rural push factor?
An increase and advancement of agricultural machinery has meant that less people are required on farms, causing rising unemployment and so forcing economic migration of the unemployed
103
Why do climate and natural disasters act as rural push factors?
- A rare circumstance, but the occurrence of droughts or crop failures can force migration in search of food or water.
- Alternatively, for regions regularly affected by earthquakes, storm surges, landslides, etc. families may feel pressured to move elsewhere to avoid economic loss or fatalities.
104
Push and pull factors as perceptions (3)
- It is important to remember that push and pull factors are only perceptions
- it is not definite hat migrants will experience a better quality of life in urban areas.
- Often, migrants are disappointed when they reach the urban city, potentially struggling to find employment, affordable living and tensions between themselves and prior residents.
105
Challenges faced by growing cities (6)
▪ Strain on services like education and healthcare
▪ Overcrowding and the development of “slums”
▪ Rising crime rates
▪ Poor sanitation due to open sewers and defecating outdoors
▪ Lack of green space
▪ High levels of congestion, which causes air pollution
106
Describe elite international migrants
- Generally skilled or very wealthy people, with the ability to move to global hubs (e.g. London, Paris, New York).
- An example of elite migrants would be Russian Oligarchs, who pay Investors Visas and purchase properties in Mayfair, Kensington and Belgrave.
107
Describe economic international migrants
- Many cities like Riyadh, Dubai, London and New York attract workers who work for very little and are skilled in a particular profession (often construction).
- Economic migration can fill skills gaps and advance a country’s development.
- However, unless carefully monitored, could lead to escalating urban populations and a rise in illegal migrants
108
Benefits of international migration for the host country (5)
- Can help fill skills gaps.
- Working migrants contribute to the economy through paying taxes and buying goods & services.
- Increase in cultural and demographic diversity.
- Young migrants can help to balance an ageing population, or increase a dwindling population over time.
- Businesses have a larger pool of potential employees or customers.
109
Benefits of international migration for the source country (3)
▪ Migrants send back remittances which can aid in development and reduce poverty without government intervention.
▪ Migrants become skilled and can come back to set up their own businesses, encouraging local economic growth and employment opportunities.
▪ Reduced service spending for the government as population declines
110
Costs of international migration for the host country (3)
▪ Rise of far right organisations, hate crime and racial tensions IF lack of understanding between migrants and original population.
▪ There could be strains on services (e.g. healthcare, education) due to an increasing population
▪ House price inflation due to higher demand
111
Costs of international migration for the source country (4)
- Brain drain due to skilled workers leaving
- Migrants tend to be young, so elderly family are left behind and can become isolated
- Decline in services due to low customer numbers, which can lead to the negative multiplier effect, in turn reducing other businesses and services
- Agricultural land not taken care of, with potential dereliction
112
Key features of culture (4)
▪ Language – National languages as well as different dialects and accents.
▪ Traditions – Everyday behaviour and manners that have been passed down through generations.
▪ Religion – There are major religions across the world.
▪ Food – National dishes and diet reflect animals, crops, spices that are found locally
113
Changes to global culture in recent years
- Culture can be influenced by the media, migration, TNCs, businesses, and social media.
- However, within recent years, there has been large change to cultures and ideologies for developed and developing populations
114
Describe cultural erosion
- Communities being exposed suddenly to a new culture can face sudden change or reduction to their own culture.
- Young people are especially vulnerable to cultural diffusion or erosion.
- Due to the sensitivity and value of culture to some communities (such as indigenous communities) this can cause conflict.
115
how has France resisted cultural change?
– The French government has attempted to control globalisation by restricting foreign language media (40% of all broadcast must be French).
116
How has China resisted cultural change?
- ‘The Great Firewall of China’ prevents information unfavourable of the government or foreign media outlets.
- Within China, you cannot access the BBC, use Facebook or search for politically sensitive information
117
How has Iran resisted cultural change?
– In the early 2000s, the government banned Barbie dolls and confiscated them all from stores as they weren’t seen as appropriate for the Islamic State.
118
Describe the widening inequality gap (3)
▪ Average incomes have risen in all continents since the 1950s but the poorest parts of Africa have seen very little and slow growth.
▪ The increase in wealth of Europe and North America has resulted in the widening gap between the richest and poorest in the world.
▪ Absolute poverty has fallen across but still is high
119
Describe the Gini Coefficient (3)
- The Gini Coefficient measures the inequality wealth shared across a population and scores a country from 0 to 1.
- 0 represents perfect equality, whereby everyone has the same income.
- 1 represents perfect inequality where one person has all the income.
120
Describe the growth of extremism in Europe (4)
- Within Europe, far right parties and organisations have become more popular and support for them has increased
- This has accelerated since the expansion of the EU in 2004 (eight Eastern European countries have been added) and so an increase in the flow of migrants.
- For example, Germany has accepted the largest number of migrants of any EU country but growing concern and tensions over such a large influx has lead to the rise of Pegida.
- In France, the National Front received 25% of the votes during a national election, which suggests the French’s views towards migrants and cultural diversity is becoming less accepting.
121
How might globalisation cause water conflicts?
- Globalisation has not eased environmental or political conflicts between nations.
- The Mekong River, for example, flows from China through Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand.
- Since the 1990s, various dams have been constructed along the river, causing increasing political tensions between the countries.
- Increasing pressures for national governments (increasing population, desire to develop, etc) will increase conflicts between states for: fossil fuels, rivers, islands for naval bases, land for living or farming.
122
How have some indigenous communities protected their cultural identity?
- Despite cultural diffusion and erosion, some cultures and indigenous communities have strengthened their identity. Tourists are attracted to experience their culture or witness their traditional lifestyle
- Alternatively, indigeonous (live in one location) or nomadic (travelling between locations) have grouped together, to support each other and maintain their traditional lifestyles.
- Despite TNCs threat to drill for oil within their territories, indigenous communities continue to prosper in Canada (called the First Nations), Siberia and Alaska.
123
How can globalisation cause environmental issues?
- Globalisation is linked to many environmental issues, including growing insecurity over energy, food and water.
- An increasing middle class and the growing global population will continue to increase demand.
- TNCs have developed global production networks through cheap labour and low transport costs, which has helped TNCs to minimise costs and maximise profits.
- However, many people criticise the environmental costs (e.g. high carbon emissions) associated with TNCs success
124
Define localism
Localism is the reduction of globally sourced goods instead purchasing locally-sourced, sustainable products to protect the environment and vulnerable individuals.
125
Advantages of localism (3)
▪ Local suppliers can generate more revenue and they can provide more jobs for locals.
▪ Lower carbon emissions are food transported over shorter distances.
▪ Deliveries can be much quicker and may cost less.
126
Disadvantages of localism (3)
▪ Foreign suppliers in developing countries may lose out and jobs may be lost abroad.
▪ Overall cost is higher, due to higher wages and manufacturing costs.
▪ Low income families may not have the financial ability to afford local produce.
127
What do transition towns promote? (3)
Transition towns aim to support local economies and they promote:
➔ Reducing consumption through reusing and recycling
➔ Reducing waste, pollution and environmental damage
➔ Meeting local needs through local production
128
Describe fairtrade
- Fairtrade aims to secure better pay to producers and growers and includes coffee, cocoa and bananas.
- The Fairtrade certification provides consumer confidence that suppliers are being paid a fair price for what they produce.
- However as the scheme continues to grow, it’s increasingly difficult to ensure profits are distributed properly to the growers and producers.
Edexcel A-Level Geography
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
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1.1 Tectonic processes and hazards163
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1.1 Case studies29
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1.2 Coastal landscapes and change166
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1.2 Case studies36
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1.3 The water cycle and water insecurity146
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1.3 Case studies38
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1.4 The carbon cycle and energy security139
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1.4 Case studies22
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2.1 Globalisation128
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2.1 Case studies46
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2.2 Diverse places61
-
2.2 Case studies44
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2.3 Superpowers114
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2.3 Case studies9
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2.4 Health, human rights, and intervention82
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2.4 Case studies45
