1
Q
First and most critical step in routine tissue processing that stops all cellular activities so cells can be viewed under the microscope
A
fixation
2
Q
Most important reaction in fixation that maintains tissue morphology by stabilizing proteins
A
stabilization of proteins
3
Q
Primary aim of fixation which is to preserve morphological and chemical integrity of the cell in as life like a manner as possible
A
primary aim of fixation
4
Q
Secondary aim of fixation which is to harden and protect tissue from trauma of further handling making it easier to cut
A
secondary aim of fixation
5
Q
General instruction on timing stating tissue should be fixed immediately after removal
A
immediate fixation
6
Q
Approximate rate of penetration of formalin into tissue in millimeters per hour
A
one mm per hour penetration
7
Q
Recommended pH range of fixatives for routine tissue processing
A
neutral pH between 6 and 8
8
Q
Routine tissue processing temperature usually used for fixation
A
room temperature
9
Q
Temperature used for urgent biopsies and rapid fixation
A
60°C
10
Q
Recommended temperature range for fixation in electron microscopy between 0 and 4°C
A
electron microscope fixation temperature
11
Q
Temperature range of automatic tissue processors during fixation between 40 and 42°C
A
automatic tissue processor temperature
12
Q
Recommended tissue size for fixation of 2 square centimeters and no more than 4 mm thick
A
routine tissue size for fixation
13
Q
Recommended tissue thickness of 1 to 2 mm for electron microscopy
A
electron microscope tissue thickness
14
Q
Recommended tissue thickness of about 4 mm for light microscopy
A
light microscopy tissue thickness
15
Q
Recommended osmolality of fixative solutions slightly hypertonic at about 400 to 450 mOsm
A
fixative osmolality
16
Q
Working concentration of formalin used as fixative
A
10 percent formalin
17
Q
Typical concentration of glutaraldehyde used as normal fixative solution
A
3 percent glutaraldehyde
18
Q
Lower concentration of glutaraldehyde used for immunohistochemistry at about 0.25 percent
A
glutaraldehyde for immunohistochemistry
19
Q
Recommended volume ratio of fixative to tissue in routine processing of about twenty times tissue volume
A
routine fixative volume
20
Q
Recommended volume ratio of osmium tetroxide to tissue at 5 to 10 times tissue volume
A
osmium tetroxide volume
21
Q
Recommended fixative volume ratio of about twenty times tissue volume for electron microscopy
A
electron microscope fixative volume
22
Q
Recommended fixative volume ratio of at least fifty times tissue volume for museum preparations
A
museum preparation fixative volume
23
Q
Approximate time required for adequate fixation of 4 to 6 hours
A
adequate fixation time
24
Q
Effect of prolonged fixation leading to tissue shrinkage excessive hardening and inhibition of chemical reactions
A
effects of prolonged fixation
25
Condition that hastens fixation related to tissue thickness
thin tissue sections
26
Condition that hastens fixation involving movement of the fixative solution
agitation
27
Condition that hastens fixation involving moderately increased heat
moderate heat
28
Condition that retards fixation related to tissue thickness
thick tissue sections
29
Condition that retards fixation due to presence of fats mucus and blood
fats mucus and blood
30
Characteristic of a good fixative stating it should be cheap stable and safe to handle
economical stability characteristic
31
Characteristic of a good fixative stating it must kill cells quickly and inhibit bacterial decomposition and autolysis
rapid killing and anti decomposition
32
Characteristic of a good fixative stating it must make tissue resistant to damage and distortion and increase optical differentiation of cells
protective and differentiating property
33
Characteristic of a good fixative stating it must produce minimal tissue shrinkage
minimal shrinkage property
34
Characteristic of a good fixative stating it must permit rapid and even penetration
rapid even penetration property
35
Characteristic of a good fixative stating it must harden the tissue
tissue hardening property
36
Characteristic of a good fixative stating it must render cellular components insoluble in hypotonic solutions and insensitive to later processing
insolubility and stability property
37
Fixative category composed of only one chemical component
simple fixatives
38
Aldehyde fixative based on formaldehyde used widely in histopathology
formaldehyde
39
Common simple fixative composed of formaldehyde and saline
ten percent formol saline
40
Simple buffered formaldehyde fixative at pH 7
ten percent neutral buffered formalin
41
Formaldehyde fixative containing mercuric chloride often called formol sublimate
formol corrosive
42
Alcohol containing formaldehyde fixative also known as Gendre fixative
alcoholic formalin
43
Dialdehyde fixative often used in electron microscopy and special techniques
glutaraldehyde
44
Group of metallic fixatives that include mercuric chloride based mixtures
metallic fixatives
45
Picric acid based fixative solution commonly used for testes and gastrointestinal tract
Bouin solution
46
Variant of alcoholic picroformol fixative known as Brasil solution
Brasil solution
47
Mercuric chloride based fixative known as B5
B5 fixative
48
Chromate based fixative solution of mercuric chloride and potassium dichromate used historically
Zenker solution
49
Form of Zenker fixative containing formaldehyde also known as Helly fluid
Zenker formol
50
Chromate containing fixative used for mitochondria and endocrine organs
Regaud fluid
51
Fixative based on chromic acid used for specific tissues
chromic acid fixative
52
Potassium dichromate containing fixative used for adrenal medulla and chromaffin tissue
Orth fluid
53
Lead containing fixative used for mucin and connective tissue
lead fixatives
54
Alcohol based fixatives including ethyl alcohol isopropyl alcohol and methyl alcohol
alcohol fixatives
55
Alcoholic fixative composed of absolute ethanol chloroform and glacial acetic acid
Carnoy fluid
56
Fixative based on osmium tetroxide also called osmic acid
osmium tetroxide
57
Osmium tetroxide mixture including acetic acid known as Flemming solution
Flemming solution
58
Osmium tetroxide mixture without acetic acid used as cytoplasmic fixative
Flemming solution without acetic acid
59
Fixative category composed of two or more chemicals combined
compound fixatives
60
Example of compound fixative containing formaldehyde sodium chloride and distilled water
ten percent formol saline
61
Example of compound fixative containing formaldehyde picric acid and glacial acetic acid
Bouin solution
62
Fixative class that allows general microscopic study of tissue structure and should never contain osmium tetroxide
microanatomical fixatives
63
Microanatomical fixative often used for routine tissues based on formaldehyde and saline
ten percent formol saline
64
Microanatomical fixative that is phosphate buffered formaldehyde at neutral pH
ten percent neutral buffered formalin
65
Mercuric chloride and acetic acid containing microanatomical fixative
Heidenhain Susa
66
Microanatomical fixative combining formol and mercuric chloride called formol sublimate
formol corrosive
67
Microanatomical fixative based on mercuric chloride potassium dichromate and acetic acid
Zenker solution
68
Microanatomical fixative variant of Zenker with formaldehyde called Helly fluid
Zenker formol
69
Picric acid formaldehyde acetic acid fixative used as microanatomical fixative
Bouin solution
70
Alcoholic picroformol solution used as microanatomical fixative
Brasil solution
71
Fixative class that preserves chemical constituents of cells and tissues for histochemical demonstration
histochemical fixatives
72
Histochemical fixative based on buffered formal saline
ten percent formol saline
73
Absolute alcohol used as histochemical fixative
absolute ethyl alcohol
74
Organic solvent used as rapid histochemical fixative especially for enzymes
acetone
75
Compound fixative used both histochemically and cytologically
Newcomer fluid
76
Fixative class that preserves specific cellular parts and microscopic elements
cytological fixatives
77
Cytological fixative subgroup that preserves nuclear structures
nuclear fixatives
78
Component frequently present in nuclear fixatives due to its affinity for nuclear chromatin
glacial acetic acid
79
Typical pH of nuclear fixatives of 4.6 or less
nuclear fixative pH
80
Nuclear fixative that is a picric acid formaldehyde acetic acid mixture
Bouin solution
81
Nuclear fixative containing chromic acid osmium tetroxide and acetic acid
Flemming solution with acetic acid
82
Alcohol chloroform acetic acid mixture used as nuclear fixative
Carnoy fixative
83
Fixative used for both nuclear and cytoplasmic preservation in some protocols
Newcomer fixative
84
Nuclear fixative based on mercuric chloride potassium dichromate and acetic acid
Heidenhain Susa
85
Cytological fixative subgroup that preserves cytoplasmic structures
cytoplasmic fixatives
86
Requirement that cytoplasmic fixatives must not contain glacial acetic acid because it destroys mitochondria and Golgi bodies
absence of acetic acid in cytoplasmic fixatives
87
Typical pH of cytoplasmic fixatives greater than 4.6
cytoplasmic fixative pH
88
Cytoplasmic fixative based on osmium tetroxide without acetic acid
Flemming fluid without acetic acid
89
Cytoplasmic fixation method using formalin followed by chromate treatment
formalin with post chroming
90
Cytoplasmic fixative used for chromaffin cells and mitochondria
Orth fluid
91
Cytoplasmic fixative based on potassium dichromate and formaldehyde
Helly or Regaud fluid
92
Fixation mechanism where chemical constituents of the fixative are taken into tissue and become part of it
additive fixation
93
Examples of additive fixatives including formaldehyde osmium tetroxide and mercuric chloride
additive fixatives
94
Fixation mechanism where the fixing agent is not taken into tissue but alters tissue composition to stabilize it against bacterial decomposition
non additive fixation
95
Typical non additive fixatives consisting of alcohols
alcohol fixatives as non additive
96
Physical methods of fixation including heating microwaving and cryopreservation or freeze drying
physical fixation methods
97
Chemical fixation method in which specimens are immersed in fixative solution
immersion fixation
98
Chemical fixation method where fixative is perfused or injected through vascular system of small animals or whole organs
perfusion fixation
99
Recommended fixation method for whole organs suspended in ten percent buffered formalin for two to three weeks before sectioning
whole organ suspension fixation
100
Reason eyes should not be dissected before fixation because dissection may cause tissue collapse and wrinkling due to loss of vitreous humor
avoid pre fixation dissection of eyes
101
Fixation step for eyes that requires formol alcohol injection before immersion in fixative
formol alcohol injection into eye
102
Method to keep air filled lungs submerged during fixation by covering organ with layers of gauze
gauze covered lung fixation
103
Fixation method for hollow organs where lumens are packed with cotton soaked in fixative or completely opened before immersion
hollow organ packing or opening
104
Local defect or excavation of an organ or tissue surface produced by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
ulcer
105
Change characterized by abnormal accumulation of fat within previously injured parenchymal cells often in heart kidneys and liver
fatty degeneration
106
Organ most commonly affected by fatty degeneration
liver
107
Most widely used fixative in histopathology based on formaldehyde
formalin
108
Gas produced by oxidation of methyl alcohol that is soluble in water at 37 to 40 percent weight in volume
formaldehyde
109
Definition of formalin as a saturated aqueous solution containing 37 to 40 percent weight in volume formaldehyde
formalin solution
110
Concentration of formaldehyde in usual ten percent formalin tissue fixative at about 4 percent by weight
formaldehyde content of ten percent formalin
111
Typical temperature at which formaldehyde fixation is performed
room temperature
112
Irritant effects of formaldehyde fumes on nose and eyes leading to allergic rhinitis sinusitis and excessive lacrimation
formaldehyde fume irritation
113
Safety warning that concentrated formaldehyde solutions must never be neutralized because this may cause violent explosions
do not neutralize concentrated formaldehyde
114
Method of handling formaldehyde wastes by recycling through distillation or drain disposal under regulation
formaldehyde waste recycling
115
Method of handling formaldehyde wastes by detoxification using commercial products
formaldehyde waste detoxification
116
Method of handling formaldehyde wastes by disposal through a licensed waste hauler
formaldehyde waste hauling
117
Formaldehyde fixative recommended for central nervous tissue and general post mortem tissues for histochemical examination
ten percent formol saline
118
Best general purpose tissue fixative which is formaldehyde buffered with phosphate at pH 7
ten percent neutral buffered formalin
119
Dilution needed to prepare ten percent formalin by mixing one part thirty seven to forty percent formaldehyde with nine parts tap water
one to ten formalin dilution
120
Component of ten percent neutral buffered formalin with volume of 900 mL
tap water component
121
Component of ten percent neutral buffered formalin with volume of 100 mL
thirty seven to forty percent formaldehyde component
122
Phosphate salt used in neutral buffered formalin as monobasic monohydrate
sodium phosphate monobasic
123
Phosphate salt used in neutral buffered formalin as dibasic anhydrous at about 6.5 g
sodium phosphate dibasic
124
Tissue constituent for which formalin is fixative of choice
fats
125
Type of specimen for which formalin is fixative of choice
surgical specimens
126
Special staining applications for which formalin is fixative of choice including enzyme histochemistry and immunohistochemistry
enzyme and immunohistochemical fixation with formalin
127
Body system for which formalin is regarded as best fixative
nervous system fixation with formalin
128
Pigment containing tissues for which formalin is best fixative
iron pigment containing tissues
129
Formaldehyde mercuric chloride fixative recommended for routine post mortem tissues
formol corrosive or formol sublimate
130
Alcoholic formaldehyde fixative used to fix sputum by coagulating mucus
Gendre alcoholic formalin
131
White crystalline precipitate formed in formalin due to prolonged storage
paraformaldehyde
132
Method of removing paraformaldehyde by adding ten percent methanol or by filtration
paraformaldehyde removal method
133
Role of methanol in formalin as preservative to retard formaldehyde decomposition to formic acid and prevent paraformaldehyde precipitation
methanol as preservative in formalin
134
Preventive measure to avoid paraformaldehyde formation by storing formalin at low temperature
low temperature storage of formalin
135
Brownish black pigment granules formed by unstable formaldehyde due to reaction between formic acid and hemoglobin
acid formaldehyde hematin
136
Method of removing formalin pigment by Kardasewitch procedure using seventy percent ethyl alcohol and thirty percent ammonia water followed by washing
Kardasewitch method
137
Method of removing formalin pigment by placing specimen in saturated picric acid then washing with running water
picric acid pigment removal method
138
Reagent alcoholic potassium hydroxide that may be used to remove formalin pigments
alcoholic potassium hydroxide method
139
Method of removing formalin pigment using mixture of hydrogen peroxide acetone and ammonia water followed by washing in seventy percent alcohol and water
Lilie method
140
Preventive measure against formalin pigment formation by buffering formalin to neutral pH 7 with phosphate
phosphate buffering of formalin
141
Dialdehyde composed of two formaldehyde residues linked by three carbon chain used as excellent fixative for electron microscopy
glutaraldehyde
142
Primary and most widely used fixative for electron microscopy
glutaraldehyde for EM
143
Secondary fixative following glutaraldehyde in electron microscopy
osmium tetroxide in EM
144
Paraffin related polymer used as fixative in some EM protocols
paraformaldehyde in EM
145
Mixed aldehyde fixative containing glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde
Karnovsky fixative
146
Buffered formaldehyde picric acid mixture such as Zamboni fluid used in EM
Zamboni fluid
147
Fixation time of tissues for electron microscopy at about three hours
electron microscopy fixation time
148
Temperature range for EM fixation procedures at 0 to 4°C
electron microscopy fixation temperature
149
Embedding medium used for EM sections such as epoxy resin
plastic embedding medium for EM
150
Type of microtome used for ultrathin EM sections
ultrathin microtome
151
Type of knives used for cutting ultrathin sections in EM
diamond or glass knives
152
Heavy metal stain that is considered best stain for EM
lead citrate stain
153
Common uranyl salt stain used in EM
uranyl acetate stain
154
Polyacid stain sometimes used in EM
phosphotungstic acid stain
155
Most common metallic fixative used in histology
mercuric chloride
156
Staining feature of mercuric chloride fixatives permitting brilliant metachromatic staining of cells
metachromatic staining with mercuric chloride
157
Type of biopsy where mercuric chloride is recommended fixative
renal biopsy fixation with mercuric chloride
158
Routine fixative of choice for preserving cell detail in tissue photography
mercuric chloride cell detail fixative
159
Safety requirement that mercurial fixatives and dezenkerization reagents must not be disposed through drains
no drain disposal of mercurials
160
Process of removing black mercuric deposits from tissue
dezenkerization
161
Solution used to remove mercuric deposits by immersing tissue in alcoholic iodine before washing
alcoholic iodine in dezenkerization
162
Chemical often used together with alcoholic iodine to treat tissues in dezenkerization
sodium thiosulfate in dezenkerization
163
Mercuric chloride based fixative used for cytology of bone marrow biopsies
B5 fixative
164
Mercuric chloride based fixative recommended mainly for tumor biopsies of skin and considered excellent cytologic fixative
Heidenhain Susa
165
Unique property of Heidenhain Susa as metallic fixative that does not produce black mercuric chloride deposits
Susa non black deposit property
166
Mercuric chloride potassium dichromate sodium sulfate distilled water and glacial acetic acid fixative recommended for small pieces of liver spleen connective tissue fibers and nuclei
Zenker fluid
167
Fixative containing mercuric chloride potassium dichromate sodium sulfate distilled water and strong forty percent formaldehyde used for pituitary gland bone marrow and blood containing organs
Zenker formol or Helly fluid
168
Chromate fixative that precipitates all proteins and adequately preserves carbohydrates
chromic acid fixative
169
Chromate based fluid also called Muller fluid recommended for demonstration of Golgi bodies mitochondria mitotic figures red blood cells chromatin and colloid tissues
Regaud fluid
170
Chromate based fixative recommended for study of early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis and for demonstrating rickettsiae and other bacteria
Orth fluid
171
Chromate salt used for mitochondrial fixation and nucleoprotein fixation when acid is added
potassium dichromate fixative
172
Four percent aqueous solution of basic lead acetate used to fix connective tissue mucin and acid mucopolysaccharides
lead fixative solution
173
Explosive yellow crystalline fixative ideal for glycogen demonstration and giving yellow stain to tissues
picric acid
174
Safety requirement for picric acid that it must be kept moist with distilled water or saturated alcohol because dry crystals are highly explosive
moist storage of picric acid
175
Unique property of picric acid being the only substance that can fix differentiate and stain tissue by itself
picric acid triple function
176
Picric acid based fixative recommended for embryos and pituitary biopsies and preserving soft delicate structures such as endometrial curettings
Bouin solution
177
Limitations of Bouin solution being unsuitable for kidney lipid and mucus fixation
Bouin limitations
178
Alcoholic picroformol fixative that is better and less messy than Bouin solution and excellent for glycogen
Brasil alcoholic picroformol
179
Alcohol fixatives used at seventy to one hundred percent because lower concentrations cause cell lysis
alcohol fixative concentration
180
Isopropyl alcohol used at ninety five percent for fixing touch preparations for special stains such as Wright Giemsa
ninety five percent isopropyl alcohol
181
Alcohol chloroform acetic acid mixture considered most rapid fixative with one to three hour fixation time
Carnoy fluid
182
Tissues for which Carnoy fluid is recommended including chromosomes lymph glands urgent biopsies and brain for rabies diagnosis
Carnoy recommended uses
183
Ethyl alcohol at seventy to one hundred percent used especially for enzyme histochemistry preserving nucleoproteins and nucleic acids and giving usable DNA fragments for PCR
ethanol histochemical fixative
184
One hundred percent methyl alcohol used to fix dry and wet smears blood smears and bone marrow smears
methyl alcohol smear fixative
185
Fixative recommended for mucopolysaccharides and nuclear proteins serving both as nuclear and histochemical fixative
Newcomer fixative
186
Major disadvantage of osmium tetroxide being incompatible with hematoxylin and eosin staining because it inhibits hematoxylin
osmium tetroxide H and E incompatibility
187
Ocular hazard of osmium tetroxide fumes causing conjunctivitis or blindness
osmium tetroxide eye damage
188
Storage requirement for osmium tetroxide in dark colored chemically clean bottles to prevent evaporation and sunlight reduction
dark bottle storage of osmium tetroxide
189
Most common osmium tetroxide fixative containing glacial acetic acid recommended for nuclear sections and chromosomes
Flemming solution with acetic acid
190
Osmium tetroxide fixative without acetic acid used for cytoplasmic structures particularly mitochondria
Flemming solution without acetic acid
191
Organic acid often added to compound fixatives used for nuclear studies that solidifies at seventeen degrees Celsius
glacial acetic acid
192
Effect of acetic acid on nucleoproteins chromosomes and chromatin precipitating them for nuclear study
acetic acid nuclear precipitation
193
Effect of acetic acid on tissues causing swelling
tissue swelling by acetic acid
194
Trichloroacetic acid used as fixative and weak decalcifying agent for precipitation of proteins and nucleic acids
trichloroacetic acid fixative
195
Organic solvent used to fix brain tissue in diagnosis of rabies
acetone brain fixative
196
Process of removing excess fixative from tissue after fixation to improve staining and remove artifacts
washing out
197
Common washing solution used to remove excess formalin osmium tetroxide and chromate fixatives
tap water washing
198
Solution at fifty to seventy percent alcohol used to remove excess picric acid fixatives
fifty to seventy percent alcohol wash
199
Reagent alcoholic iodine used to remove excess mercuric chloride fixatives
alcoholic iodine wash
200
Process of placing already fixed tissue in a second fixative to improve demonstration of specific substances permit special stains and ensure further hardening
secondary fixation or post mordanting
201
Form of secondary fixation using 2.5 to 3.0 percent potassium dichromate for twenty four hours to act as mordant and aid cytologic preservation
post chromatization
202
Instruction when fixative solution becomes grossly murky brown to red that tissues should be transferred to new fixative
change murky fixative
203
Physical method of fixation that is simplest and uses heat primarily to accelerate other fixation and processing steps
heat fixation
204
Type of specimen where heat fixation is usually employed such as frozen tissue sections and bacteriologic smears
heat fixed frozen sections and smears
205
Physical fixation method where microwaves increase molecular movement to accelerate fixation
microwave fixation
206
Chief advantage of microwave fixation where tissue is heated through the block in a very short time allowing study of rapid cellular processes
rapid uniform heating advantage
207
Main disadvantage of microwave fixation that commercial microwaves only penetrate tissue to a thickness of about 10 to 15 mm
limited penetration of microwaves
208
Special preservation method involving rapid freezing of fresh tissue at minus 160 to minus 180°C followed by removal of ice water in vacuum
freeze drying
209
Term for rapid freezing step in freeze drying at about minus 160 to minus 180°C
quenching
210
Process in freeze drying where still frozen tissue is placed in vacuum at minus 30 to minus 40°C to remove ice by sublimation
sublimation step of freeze drying
211
Modified method similar to freeze drying where frozen tissue is placed in Rossman formula or one percent acetone and then dehydrated in absolute alcohol
freeze substitution
MTAP - HTMLE
flashcards
Decks in class (13)
# Cards
-
1 - HISTOLOGY133
-
2 - GENERAL PATHOLOGY150
-
3 - HISTOPATH TECHNIQUES INTRO65
-
4 - FIXATION211
-
5 - DECALCIFICATION, DEHYDRATION, CLEARING102
-
6 - IMPREGNATION84
-
7 - TRIMMING AND SECTIONING91
-
8 - STAINING104
-
9 - SPECIAL STAINS122
-
10 - MOUNTING LABELLING52
-
11 - IMMUNOHISTOCHEM94
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12 - CYTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES181
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13 - AUTOPSY QC AND MISC.137
