what is the difference BETWEEN growth and development
growth is the increase in the size of body as a whole or parts of body, development is the increase in complexity of function
what is hyperplasia or multiplicative growth
increase in cell number via cell division
what is hypertrophy or auxetic
increase in size of cells withought division
what is apoptosis
programed cell death
what is accretionary growth
increase in extracellular matrix btw cells like bone and cartilage
what is appositional
the combination of hyperplasia and accretionary growth at surface of tissue
what i intersitial
hyperplasia and accretionary growth throught thickness of tissue
how is bone a replacment tissue
deposisition of mineral matrix onto a template, this template is cartilage, endochondral ossification uses the cartilage as a template. mesonchymal connective tissue is for intermembranous - supporting structures.
what are the two types of ossification
-intramembranous
- endochondral
what happens by birth to cartilage
the cartilage is replaced by bone by the process of ossification but some remain in adult skeleton
what is intramembranouse ossification
compact and spongy bone developed directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tisse.
what are some exampled of intramembranous ossificaion and how are they at birth and end of pubertal growhth spurt
flat bones on the face, most cranial bones, clavilcle. At birth, skull and clavilcs not fully ossified as structures in skull are not closed, bu puberty end last bone to ossify are flat bones of face
whats endochondral ossification
bone development by replacing hyaline cartilage. Starts with fomration of cartilage - btw.6-8 weeks of fetal fevelopment rest on slide 11
examples of endochondral ossification
bones at the base of skill and long bones
what are the 5 steps of enochondral ossification
slide 12
cycle to ossification starting from chondrocyte proliferation.
slide 13
what are teh 4 types of bone cells found in the body
osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
what do osteogenic cells do and where are they located
develop into osteoblasts, located in the deep layers of periosteum and the marrow
how are osteoblasts formed, what is their function and location
formed by osteogenic cells are developed into osteoblasts and, they do bone formation, they are in growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endostem
how are osteocytes formed and function and location
when osteoblasts get trapped within calcified matrix, thier structres and function changes and becoe osteocytes. they maintain mineral concentration of matrix located in matrix as they are entrapped.
how are osteoclasts formed and function and location
developed by monocytes and macrophages, differ in appearance from other bone cells. they reabsorb bone, located on bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone.
what is diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis, and epiphyseal or growth plate
slide 15
What penetrates the calcified matrix zone
capillaries and astoeblasts from diaphysis penetrate this zone, secrete bone tissue onto calcified cartilage matrix and cause ossification.
when does the increase in stature end
ends with ransition from pre-pubertal state to sexually mature adult, ending with epiphyseal and metapjyseal fusion of long bones, trigered by esaradoil
