9.1

Question 1

describe mammary glands

Answer 1

* present but not functional in males

lobe: 15-25 lobes/breast
lobule: site of milk production

Lactiferous duct: surrounded by muscle

Areola: pigmented skin arround nipple

Nipple: contains opening of lactiferous ducts

adispose: most of non bactating breast

Suspensory ligament: attach breast to underlying muscle

Question 2

changes in breast during life

Answer 2

• Puberty
  
  • estrogen in conjection w/ GH: get growth and breast development
  • mammary glands increase in size/volume and fat develops
• Pregnnacy and lactation
  
  • breast reach maturity
  • breasts and areola inc in size, sreola darkerns
  • milk production possible mid-pregnancy
• Menopause
  
  • tissues begin to atrophy
  • fibrous stroma replaced by adipose tissue

Question 3

Question 4

external genitalia

Answer 4

Question 5

what is the vagina

Answer 5

• birth canal & organ of copulation
• located between bladder/urethra & rectum
• posterior, anterior & lateral fornices surround cervix

Question 6

layers of vaginal wall

Answer 6

1. stratified squamous mucosa
2. Smooth muscle muscularis (inner circular, outer longitudinal layer)
3. Fibroelastic adventitia

Question 7

vaginal changes during lifetime

Answer 7

• vaginal epithelium and mucus:
  
  • thin in pre pubsert and post menopausal
  • thick in pre manopause
• estrogens
  
  • low in pre puberty and post menopause
  • high in pre menopausal
• pH and microbail diversity
  
  • high in pre puba nd post menopause
  • low in pre manupasue

Question 8

describe the uterus

Answer 8

• body, fundus and isthmus
• cervix: narrow outlet; projects into vagina, secretes mucus that blocks sperm entry except during micycle

Question 9

what are the 3 layers of the uterine wall

Answer 9

1. perimetrium: viseral peritoneum/broad ligament of uterus
2. myometrium: interlacing layers of smooth muscle
3. Endometrium: muosal lining composed os stratum functionalis & stratum basalid

Question 10

vascular supply of uterus

Answer 10

• spiral artery is what sheds
• also have straigh, radial, arcuate, uterine arteries

Question 11

describe the uterine/fallopian tubes

Answer 11

• no contact with ovaries
• oocyte carried along by peristalsis & cilliary action
• non ciliated cells nourish oocyte and sperm
• > isthmus: constiucted region where tube joins uterus
• > ampulla: distal expansion (usual site of fertilization)
• > fimbriae of infudibulum: creates currents to move oocyte into uterine tube

Question 12

what are the ligaments of the female reproductive tract

Answer 12

• suspensory ligament of ovary: anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall
• Ovarian ligment: anchors ovary medially to uterus
• Round ligament of uternus: anchors uterus anteriorly into inguinal canal
• Cervical supports

Question 13

what is the broad ligament of the uterus

Answer 13

peritoneal fold that supports uterine tubes, uterus & vagina

*goes over everything

Question 14

describe the ovaries

Answer 14

• on either side of uterus
• surrounded by fibrous tunica albuginea (surrounded by germinal epithelium aka peritonem)
• has portex (ovarian follicles) and medulla (large blood vessels and nerves)
• follicle: immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by: follicle cells and granulosa calls

Question 15

describe oogenesis

Question 16

what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle

Answer 16

*start on first day of menses

follicular phase: period of follicle growth

ovulation midcycle

luteal phase: period of corpus luteum activity

*luteal phase is always 14 days bc thats the lifespan of corpus luteum, follicular phase is what varies

Question 17

describe the follicular phase

Answer 17

1. primary follcile is activated
   
   • squamous-like cells of follicle become cuboidal (occurs almost 1 year before is ovulation)
2. Follicle enlarges to become primay folicle
   
   • single layer of cuboidal or columnar type follicle cells
3. becomes seocndary follicle
   
   • stratefies epithelium (granulosa cells) forms around oocyte
   • granulosa cells & oocyte guide one antohers development
4. becomes late secondary follcile
   
   • theca folliculi and granulosa cells product estrogens
   • zona pellucida forms around oocyte and fluid accumulates between granulosa cells
5. becomes vesicular follicle
   
   • Antrum expands to isolate secondary oocyte with corona radiata
   • primary oocyte comples meiosis I

Question 18

what is ovulation

Answer 18

• ovary wall ruptues and expels secondary oocyte with its corona radiata

*some women experience Mittelschmerz (pain from ovulation)

Question 19

describe the luteal phase

Answer 19

• ruptured follicle collpases

granulosa cells & internal thecal cells form corpus lutem which secretes progesterone and estrogen

• is no pregnancy: corpus luteum degenerates into a corpus albicans in 10 days

If pregnancy: corpus luteum produces hormones until placenta takes over around 3 motnhs in

Question 20

events of oogenesis

Answer 20