Clinical Anatomy > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

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1
Q

name the four quadrants

A

right upper quadrant
left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant

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2
Q

name the nine regions of the abdomen

A

right hypochondriac region
left hypochondriac region
epigastric region
right lumbar region
left lumbar region
umbilical region
right iliac region
left iliac region
hypogastric region

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3
Q

name from the skin to the innermost layer the organisation of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

skin
superficial fatty layer (camper)
deep membranous layer (scarpa)
external oblique muscle
inner oblique muscle
transverse abdominius
transversalis fascia
extraperitoneal fat
parietal peritoneum

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4
Q

function of the muscles of the anterolateral wall

A

all 3 muscles compress and support abdominal viscera
external and internal oblique muscles flex and rotate the trunk

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5
Q

what three muscles form the aponeurosis

A

transversus abdominis
internal oblique
external oblique

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6
Q

external oblique - what is it

A

broad flat tendon

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7
Q

what direction does the fibres of the external oblique run

A

downwards and forwards

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8
Q

what feature runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis

A

linea albicans

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9
Q

inguinal ligament

A

inferior margin of external oblique

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10
Q

what does the rectus sheath form

A

rectus abdominus

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11
Q

where does the inguinal ligament join

A

anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

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12
Q

what direction does the internal oblique fires run

A

downwards and backwards (hand crossed over chest analogy)

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13
Q

what does the arcuate line provide

A

the transition between the posterior rectus sheath

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14
Q

what does the internal oblique aponeurosis split into

A

anterior and posterior lamina

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15
Q

above the arcuate line, along the rectus sheath, does this have layers

A

yes - anterior and posterior

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16
Q

below the arcuate line, along the rectus sheath, does this have layers

A

no posterior layer

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17
Q

linea alba

A

the anterior and posterior layers of the sheath interlace in the anterior medial line

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18
Q

what does the rectus sheath contain

A

rectus abdominis
superior and inferior epigastric vessels

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19
Q

superior epigastric artery

A

arises from the internal thoracic artery

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20
Q

inferior epigastric artery

A

arises from the external iliac artery

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21
Q

what artery supplies the lower limbs

A

femoral

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22
Q

gubernaculum attachments

A

fibrous cord connecting the tested to the scrotum

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23
Q

during development, what happens to the gubernaculum

A

they shorten to pull the testes down and pass through the layers of the abdominal wall which forms a dent

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24
Q

processus vaginalis

A

a peritoneal diverticulum
forms a sac when the testes grow down

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25
during development, where are the testes found
in the posterior abdominal wall behind the parietal peritoneum
26
inguinal canal
formed in relation to the descend of the testes during foetal development
27
where does the inguinal canal lie and how long is it
parallel and superior to the medial half f the the inguinal ligament ~4cm
28
in males and females what does the inguinal canal transmit
males: spermatic cord female: round ligament of the uterus
29
what two openings are in the inguinal canal
deep inguinal ring superficial inguinal ring
30
where is the deep inguinal ring found
entrance to the canal - beginning of the evagination of the transversalis fascia lies superior to the middle of the inguinal ligament and lateral to the inferior epigastric artery
31
where is the superficial inguinal ring found
exit of the canal where the spermatic cord or round ligament of the uterus emerges from the canal formed by the evagination of the external oblique aponeurosis lie superolateral to the pubic tubercle
32
what is the cremaster muscle formed by
formed by the internal oblique muscle
33
what is the function of the cremaster muscle
reflexively draw the testis superiorly in the scrotum in response to the cold to regulate the temperature for spermatogenesis
34
what is the cremaster muscle innervated by
genitofemoral nerve
35
vas deferens
a muscular tube that conveys sperms from the epididymis to the ejaculatory tract
36
testicular artery
a branch of the abdominal aorta which supplies the testes
37
pampiniform venous plexus
a network of veins which converse superiorly as the testicular vein
38
what are inguinal hernia
a protrusion of the parietal peritoneum and viscera through a normal or abnormal opening
39
indirect inguinal hernias
more common passes through the inguinal canal, lateral to the inferior epigastric artery due to patency of processus vaginalis
40
direct inguinal hernias
occur medial to the inferior epigastric artery weakness of the abdominal wall in inguinal triangle
41
where is the superficial inguinal ring in relation to the pubic tubercle
superolateral
42
what type of membrane is the peritoneum
serous
43
peritoneal cavity
between the parietal and visceral peritoneum which contains a thin film of peritoneal fluid
44
what is the peritoneal cavity split into
greater and lesser
45
epiploic foramen
allows communication between the greater and lesser sac
46
what is another name for the lesser sac
omental bursa
47
omentum
stomach
48
mesentery and mesocolon
intestine
49
peritoneal ligament
connects organ to organ or to abdominal wall
50
gastrosplenic ligament
connects stomach and spleen
51
lesser omentum
2 layers connects the stomach at the lesser curvature to the liver
52
greater omentum
4 layers connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the duodenum
53
free edge of lesser omentum
right free margin of the lesser omentum 3 structures epiploic foramen
54
portal triad
bile duct - anterior right hepatic artery - anterior left portal vein - posterior
55
where is the portal triad located
free edge of the lesser omentum
56
what is the name of the ligament that connects the spleen and the kidney
lienorenal ligament
57
what is the name of the ligament that goes down the medial line of the liver and is C shaped
falciform ligament
58
transverse mesocolon
fold of peritoneum from the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall
59
why do we need to learn about these peritoneal folds
could damage fold and cause bleeding
60
diaphragm
double domed, musculotendinous
61
what does the diaphragm separate
thoracic and abdominal cavities
62
function of diaphragm
chief muscle of inspiration
63
what vertebral levels are the openings of the diaphragm
caval - T8 oesophageal - T10 aortic - T12
64
what vertebral levels does the phrenic run at
C3, 4, 5
65
what is the abdominal aorta split into
unpaired visceral paired visceral
66
examples of unpaired visceral
coeliac trunk superior mesentery inferior mesentery
67
examples of paired visceral
renal gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
68
where does the abdominal aorta start and end
T12 to L4
69
splenic artery
runs a sinuous course
70
what surfaces does the liver border
diaphragmatic anterior, superior and some posterior visceral (posteroinferior) inferior border
71
obliterated umbilical vein
round ligament of the liver ligamentum teres hepatis
72
name the lobes of the liver
caudate right left quadrate
73
what are the fissures of the liver
fissure for the ligamentum teres fissure for the ligamentum venosum
74
ligamentum venosum
remnant of the ductus venosus - shunted blood from the umbilical vein in IVC by passing the liver
75
what feature makes the caudate lobe identifiable
papillary process of the caudate lobe (tail-like) gives an example of variation
76
when you remove the liver, what ligament do you have to cut
falciform ligament
77
what ligament is superior to the falciform ligament
coronary ligament
78
what surface marking shows the location of the gall bladder
9th costal cartilage in the midclavicular line
79
what ducts unite to form the common hepatic duct
right and left hepatic duct
80
what ducts unite to form the bile duct
cystic duct and the common hepatic duct
81
what sphincter guards the ampulla of vater
hapatopancreatic sphincter of Oddi
82
what vertebral levels does the duodenum run at
T12, L1, 2, 3, 4
83
what parts is the duodenum split into
superior descending inferior or horizontal ascending
84
what is the pancreas split into
urinate process head proper neck body tail
85
spleen
hilum - splenic vessels relations - diaphragm (posteriorly) 9-11 ribs
86
features of jejunum
wider thicker wall large, tall an closely packed plicae circulares
87
jejunum arcades
fewer but larger arcades with longer vasa recta
88
ileum arcades
many arcades and smaller vasa recta
89
what are the two flexures called
hepatic and splenic
90
what are the two orifice inferior to the ascending colon
ileocaecal orifice appendicular orifice
91
what does McBurney's sign indicate
the location of the root of the appendix (1/3 at the lateral distal region of the line)
92
what are the fatty projections on the large intestine called
appendices epiploicae
93
taeniae coli
3 bands of the longitudinal layer of the SM in the wall
94
haustra
sacculations of the wall between the teniae coli
95
artery branches of the GI tract and what they supply
coeliac trunk - foregut superior mesenteric artery - midgut inferior mesenteric artery - hindgut
96
superior mesenteric artery
2nd part of duodenum ro proximal 2/3 transverse colon
97
inferior mesenteric artery
smaller vessel that superior mesenteric artery due to having a smaller territory to supply so fewer branches from distal third of the transverse colon to the rectum
98
why are there no veins from the bowel
going to the liver first
99
what two veins join to form the portal vein
splenic and superior mesenteric posterior to the neck of the pancreas
100
what does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into usually and then the other veins
splenic may rain into junction between superior mesenteric and splenic veins
101
what forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal
internal oblique and transverse abdominis which fuse together to form the conjoint tendon at the superficial inguinal ring
102
what forms the posterior wall (mainly) of the inguinal canal?
transversalis fascia
103
which layers is transversalis fascia found between?
transverse abdominis and the parietal peritoneum
104
where are th orgins and insertions of the rectus abdominis
insertion - costal margin and xiphoid process origin - pubic symphysis and pubic tubercle
105
regions of rectus abdominus
tendinous intersection linea semilunaris
106
where does the pyramidalis attach and which spinal section is it innervated by?
pubic inferiorly and superiorly to the linea alba the anterior ramus of T12
107
what nerve supplies the cremaster muscle
genitofemoural nerve
108
what levels does the lumbar plexus supply at
L1-L4
109
what nerve penetrates the psoas major?
gentifemoural nerve
110
what veins are the exceptions to which bypass the portal system?
right suprarenal, right gonadal, renal veins, inferior phrenic and lumbar veins
111
what also enters through the caval opening?
IVC, right phrenic nerve branches and small lymphatic vessels
112
what also enters through the oesophageal opening?
oesophagus, anterior and posterior vagal trunk (nerves), lymphatic vessels, oesophageal branches of left gastric vessels
113
what also enters through the aortic opening?
aorta (descending), thoracic duct, azygous vein
114
what contain the pre-aortic lymph nodes?
coeliac, superior, inferior mesenteric lymph nodes
115
where does the thoracic duct enter the vein system?
between the left internal jugular vein
116
where does the right lymphatic duct enter the vein system?
between the right subclavian and right internal jugular vein
117
what is the surface marking of the fundus of the bladder?
in the midclavicular line at the 9th costal cartilage
118
what vertebral levels does the duodenum run at?
T12-L4
119
which part of the duodenum mesentery holds more fat?
ileum
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