Case 3

Question 1

what are the three functions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 1

cleans air
warms the air
moistens air

Question 2

what makes up the pharynx?

Answer 2

nasal cavity, larynx, oesophagus

Question 3

what is the function of the larynx?

Answer 3

speech, breathing and swallowing

Question 4

what is the conducting zone?

Answer 4

transports air into the respiratory zone and where gaseous exchange can occur

Question 5

what is found in the trachea?

Answer 5

C shaped cartilage ring
trachealis muscle
glands (mucous)

Question 6

describe the structure of the tertiary bronchus

Answer 6

cartilaginous rings (not as strong) for minimal collapse in expiration
bronchial SM

Question 7

describe the structure of the bronchioles

Answer 7

no cartilage
lots of SM
can collapse

Question 8

what class of drug can act on the SM in bronchioles?

Answer 8

beta 2 agonists

Question 9

what is the only way that prevent bronchiole collapse?

Answer 9

pulmonary interstitia

Question 10

what is the purpose of the mucociliary escalator?

Answer 10

cilia will continuously beat which allows mucous removal containing pathogens and then be swallowed

Question 11

name the two types of alveoli

Answer 11

type 1 pneumocytes
type 2 pneumocytes

Question 12

what is the structure of type 1 pneumocytes?

Answer 12

large, flat and large cytoplasm

Question 13

what is the structure of type 2 pneumocytes?

Answer 13

small rounded with mito rich cytoplasm

Question 14

what else will be present in the alveoli?

Answer 14

macrophages

Question 15

describe the structure of the alveoli

Answer 15

spherical hollow cavities to increase SA
1 cell thick for rapid diffusion
capillaries line for gaseous exchange

Question 16

in the pleural cavity, what can the space be filled with?

Answer 16

air (pneumothorax)
fluid (pleural effusion)
blood (haemothorax)
chyle (chylothorax)
pus (empyema)

Question 17

what is acinus?

Answer 17

part of the airway involved with gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

Question 18

what is the secondary pulmonary lobule?

Answer 18

a unit of lung supplied by three to five acini and surrounded by fibrous septa

Question 19

what is pulmonary interstitum?

Answer 19

the interstitial compartment is the area of the lung between the alveolar epithelial and capillary endothelial basement membranes

Question 20

name the function of the sensory fibres

Answer 20

info about lung mechanics, congestion and inflammation

Question 21

name the function of motor fibres

Answer 21

respiratory muscles

Question 22

name the function of the parasympathetic nervous system in the thorax

Answer 22

bronchoconstriction

Question 23

name the function of the sympathetic nervous system in the thorax

Answer 23

bronchodilation

Question 24

name the functions of the respiratory system

Answer 24

provide oxygen to the blood
eliminate CO2
regulate acid-base balance with kidneys
defend against inhaled pathogens
filtration for microthrombi
synthesis of prostaglandins and AngII

Question 25

what is Boyle's Law?

Answer 25

air flows from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure

Question 26

what happens to the pressure during inhalation?

Answer 26

decreases

Question 27

what is transmural pressure?

Answer 27

the across the wall pressure (alveolar and pleura)

Question 28

what is the transpulmonary pressure?

Answer 28

pressure difference holding the lungs open

Question 29

what is chest wall pressure?

Answer 29

pressure difference holding the chest wall in

Question 30

is inspiration and active or passive process?

Answer 30

active

Question 31

what is compliance?

Answer 31

the measure of distensibility of the lungs

Question 32

what factors does compliance depend on?

Answer 32

stretchability of lung tissues (elastic connective tissue) surface tension of air-water interface

Question 33

what happens to the surface tension in relation to alveolar size?

Answer 33

it decreases

Question 34

name the roles of surfactant

Answer 34

reduces surface tension of alveolar membrane makes lungs more compliant prevents alveolar collapse prevents movement of fluid into alveoli

Question 35

what does reduced surfactant cause in babies?

Answer 35

respiratory distress syndrome

Question 36

what are the two types of respiration?

Answer 36

external and internal

Question 37

what is internal respiration?

Answer 37

utilisation of O2 and production of CO2 by cells

Question 38

what is external respiration?

Answer 38

absorption of O2 and removal of CO2 from the body as a whole

Question 39

what is hypoxaemia?

Answer 39

low oxygen levels in arteriole blood

Question 40

what is hypoxia?

Answer 40

low oxygen level in tissue

Question 41

how is hypoxia caused?

Answer 41

anaerobic metabolism

Question 42

what is breathlessness?

Answer 42

mismatch between what the brain expects and what it receives in terms of afferent receptors in the lungs

Question 43

what does ventilation require?

Answer 43

normal neural pathway normal chest wall and muscles (inc diaphragm) normal airways and elastic recoil

Question 44

what does diffusion require?

Answer 44

normal partial pressure of inspired oxygen normal alveolar structure normal alveolar capillary interface (interstitium) normal pulmonary vasculature

Question 45

what does circulation require?

Answer 45

normal heart normal peripheral arterial vessels normal muscles