1
Q
what are the three muscles in the pectoral region
A
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
2
Q
describe the regions of the pectoralis major
A
clavicular head
sternocostal head
abdominal part
3
Q
what are the actions of the pectoralis major
A
arm adduction
arm medial rotation
arm flexion (clavicular head)
arm abduction
4
Q
where does the pectoralis minor attach
A
proximally at the 3rd and 5th rib
distally at the coracoid process attachment
5
Q
what are the actions of the pectoralis minor
A
stabilisation of the scapula against the thoracic wall
accessory muscle of respiration to aid inhalation
6
Q
what actions does serratus anterior allow
A
protraction of scapula
stabilisation of scapula against thoracic wall
7
Q
what is are the pectoral regions innervated by
A
major - medial and lateral pectoral nerves
minor - medial pectoral nerve
serratus anterior - long thoracic nerve
8
Q
name the boundaries of the axilla
A
latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major
9
Q
why is the axilla packed with fat
A
for insulation
protection of internal structures such as nerves, arteries and veins
10
Q
what does the axilla contain
A
cephalic vein
brachial plexus
axillary artery
axillary vein
11
Q
describe the arteries of the axilla
A
subclavian artery (under clavicle) into
axillary artery into
brachial artery
there is also the circumflex humeral arteries
radial artery
ulnar artery
12
Q
circumflex humeral arteries
A
wraps around the narrowest part of the humorous
is at risk of damage when there is a fracture in the humeral head
13
Q
what does the brachial artery split into
A
radial and ulnar artery
14
Q
describe the veins of the axilla
A
subclavian vein which splits into the axillary vein and brachial vein
15
Q
what does the cephalic vein run between
A
deltoid and pectoralis major
called the deltopectoral groove
16
Q
where does the brachial plexus run between (location and vertebral levels)
A
between the anterior and middle scalene
C5-T1
17
Q
describe the brachial plexus
A
roots (vertebral level)
trunks (superior, middle and inferior)
divisions (anterior or posterior)
cords (lateral, posterior, medial)
then the M shape for musculotaneous, median and ulnar
18
Q
function of the median nerve
A
muscles - mainly flexors of wrist and fingers
sensation - lateral area of the hand
19
Q
function of the ulnar nerve
A
muscles - manly small muscles of the hand
sensation - medial area of the hand
20
Q
function of the musculocutaneous nerve
A
muscles - anterior compartment of the arm
sensation - lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
21
Q
function of the radial nerve
A
muscles - extensors of forearm, wrist and hand
sensation - posterior arm, forearm and hand
22
Q
function of the axillary nerve
A
muscles - deltoid and teres minor (rotator cuff muscles)
sensation - skin over deltoid
23
Q
what are the muscles of the anterior upper arm
A
biceps brachii
brachialis
coracobrachialis
24
Q
what is the upper anterior arm innervated by
A
musculocutaneous nerve
25
biceps brachii
short head
long head
has a bicipital aponeurosis
joins at the coracoid process and supraglenoid tubercle at the proximal end
and distally at the radial tuberosity
26
actions of the biceps brachii
supinates forearm
flexion (forearm supinated)
27
brachialis attachments
proximal of humerus
distally - ulnar tuberosity
28
action of brachialis
forearm flexion
29
coracobrachialis attachments
distally
proximal to the coracoid process
30
actions of the coracobrachialis
arm flexion
arm adduction
31
name and describe the location of the osteology of the radius and ulnar
trochlear notch
coronoid process
head
neck
radial tuberosity
ulnar tuberosity
olecranon
styloid process (ulnar and radius)
32
describe an dlocate the osteology of the hand
DIP joint
PIP joint
phalangeal bones
metacarpal bones
carpal bones
metacarpophalangeal joint
33
describe the articulation of the elbow joint and the tendons and ligaments
humeroradial joint
humeroulnar joint
joint capsule
ulnar collateral ligament
biceps brachii tendon
34
what is the stability of the elbow joint like and how does this contribute to its movement
very stable
limited movement
35
name the ligaments of the elbow joints
radial collateral ligament
annular ligament
ulnar collateral ligament
36
what are the two regions on the humerus for the joint at the distal end
capitulum and trochlea
37
describe the cubital fossa
cephalic vein and off the basilic vein is the medial cubital vein which the cephalic and cubital join together
38
nerve of the cubital fossa laterally
lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
39
boundaries of the cubital fossa
medial and lateral epicondyle
brachioradialis and pronator teres
40
what is the roof and floor of the cubital fossa
r - fascia
f - muscles
41
what two muscles form the floor of the cubital fossa
brachialis and supinator
42
name the tendon, arteries, nerves of the cubital fossa
biceps brachii tendon
radial nerve
radial artery
brachial artery
median nerve
ulnar artery
43
what nerve are you hitting when you hit your 'funny bone'
ulna nerve
44
what is the ulnar nerve pinched against
medial epicondyle
45
what is the ulnar nerve compressed by
two heads of flexor carpi ulnaris
46
anterior forearm
- compartment
- functions
- functional groups
- how many layers
- common origin site usually
flexor compartment
common flexor tendon
flex at wrist, digits, thumb and pronation
has 4 layers
medial epicondyl
47
anterior forearm layer 1 (superficial)
pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
palmaris longus
48
anterior forearm layer 2 (deep)
flexor digitorum superficialis
this divides into tendons and controls the middle phalanges
49
anterior forearm layer 3
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus
controls into distal phalanges
50
anterior forearm layer 4
pronator teres
pronator quadratus
51
what is innervated by the medial nerve
pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor digitorum superficialis
pollicis longus
pronator quadratus
52
what is innervated by the ulnar nerve
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum profundus (medial part)
53
what is the exception to innervation of the anterior forearm
flexor digitorum profundus (lateral part) is innervated by the ulnar nerve
54
what is the function of the retinaculum (flexor)
to prevent bowstringing
55
what does the carpal tunnel contain
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor pollicis longus
median nerve (can become compressed causing sensory and motor symptoms)
56
name the deep veins
axillary
brachial
radial and ulnar (venae comitantes)
57
name the palm of hand vessels
ulnar artery
radial artery
deep palmar arch
superficial palmer arch
digital branches
58
name the palm of hand nerves
ulnar nerve
median nerve
59
name the intrinsic muscles
deep flexor tendons
lumbricals
thenar eminence
hypothenar eminence
60
name the components in the thenar eminence
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis
61
name the components in the hypothenar eminence
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi
opponens digiti minimi
62
osteology of the scapula
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
subscapular fossa
spine of scapula
acromion
coracoid process
glenoid fossa
63
osteology of the humerus
head of humerus
anatomical neck
surgical neck
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
64
joints of the shoulder include
acromioclavicular joint
sternoclavicular joint
glenohumeral joint
65
how do the joints impact the action of the shoulder
support the strength of the joints
66
at the sternoclavicular joint, name the ligaments
interclavicular joint
articular disc
anterior sternoclavicular ligament
costoclavicular ligament
67
articular disc
fibrocartilage which separates into two spaces to allow more movement
68
name the ligaments in the acromioclavicular joint
acromioclavicular ligament - wraps around articulate
coracoacromial ligament - tethers the joint
conoid ligament
trapezoid ligament
coracoclavicular ligament
69
name a clinical note for the articular disc in the acromioclavicular joint
this joint is very difficult to dislocate but is more likely to fracture
70
describe the glenohumeral joint
humeral head is large with articular cartilage
glenoid fossa is shallow and contains aricular cartilage and fibrocartilage
also contains the glenoid labrum
71
glenoid labrum
raised lip which stabilises the joint and prevents the humeral head from coming away
72
describe the actions of the scapular movements
elevation and depression at the suprascapular fossa (NOT subscapular fossa!!)
protraction and retraction at the infraspinous fossa
upwards and downwards rotation at the spine of the scapula
note: with the relevant muscles attached
73
what is the shape of the trapezius
diamond shaped
74
muscles of the superficial back and shoulder contains
trapezius
deltoid
latissimus dorsi
levitator scapulae
rhomboid minor
rhomboid major
teres minor
teres major
75
what shape is the latissimus dorsi
band shaped
76
what is the deltoid split into
an anterior (clavicular) part and middle (acromial) part and posterior (spinal) part
77
what is the trapezius split into
horizontal
descending
ascending fibres
these help with different movements
78
what is the trapezius innervated by
accessory spinal nerve
79
what is the deltoid innervated by
axillary nerve
80
what is the latissimus dorsi innervated by
thoracodorsal nerve
81
what does the brachial plexus not supply (not exhastive)
levitator scapulae and part of the trapezius
82
what is the levitator scapulae, rhomboid minor and rhomboid major innervated by
dorsal scapulae and cervical nerves
83
what is the function of the levitator scapulae
elevates the scapula
84
rhomboid minor function
retraction and rotation of the scapula
85
rhomboid major function
retracts and rotates the scapula
86
name the rotator cuff muscles and where they attach
supraspinous - attaches to the greater tubercle and supraspinous fossa of the scapula
infraspinous - attaches at the infraspinous fossa and greater tubercle of the humerus
teres minor -attaches to the posterior surface of the scapula and at the greater tubercle of the humerus
subscapularis - attaches at subscapular fossa and lesser tubercle of the humerus
87
where is the supraspinous in relation to trapezius
deep so trapezius would need to be reflected
88
what is teres minor innervated by
axillary nerve
89
what is teres major innervated by
lower subscapular nerve
90
is the teres major a rotator cuff muscle
no
91
specifically what is teres major and minor attached to and their function
on the humerus:
minor - greater tubercle for lateral rotation of the arm
major - medial lip of bicipital groove for medial rotation of arm
92
what is subscapularis innervated by
lower subscapular nerve
93
what is infraspinous innervated by
subscapular nerve
94
describe the function or arrangement of the suprascapular notch
suprascapular ligament runs over the top and the nerve runs though - vessels also run through this structure (over the top)
95
what clinical issue can arise at the suprascapular fossa
the supraspinal ligament can ossify and cause reduced space for the nerve to run through which can cause weaknesses in the muscle action
96
what vessel runs over the top of the supraspinous fossa
suprascapular artery
97
what is the pectoral girdle and what does it allow
it is the bones from the free part of the UL which allow lots of movement
98
what is the pectoral girdle supported by
axioappendicular muscles at the ribs, sternum and vertebrae of the appendicular skeleton
99
name the osteology of the clavicle
acromial facet
conoid tubercle
trapezoid line
sternal end
impression of costoclavicular ligament
impression of pectorialis major
100
what is the cervicoaxillary canal
a passageway between the neck and arm
101
what ribs does the scapula lie over
2nd and 7th ribs
102
on the humerus, what feature can be found to contain the radial nerve
radial groove
103
what makes up the condyle of the humerus
trochlear
capitulum
radial fossa
olecranon
coronoid (not coracoid)
104
is the ulna or radius longer
ulna
105
is the radial styloid process larger than the ulnar styloid process
yes
106
name the carpal bones
scaphoid
lunar
triquetrum
pisiform
hamate
capitate
trapeziod
trapezium
(so long the pinky, here comes the thumb)
107
where do deep veins usually lie
to the deep fascia and usually in their pairs
108
when does the axillary artery become the brachial artery
at the border of teres major
109
at the cubital fossa, what does the brachial artery split into
radial and ulnar artery
110
name a major branch at the cubital fossa which runs along the radial groove
profunda brachii artery
111
what artery passes through the floor of the anatomical snuffbox
radial artery
112
name the axioappendicular muscles which move the pectoral girdle
pec major
pec minor
subclavius
serratus anterior
113
what is the subclavius innervated by and what is the function of the subclavius
subclavian nerve
protection to some subclavian vessels and the superior part of the brachial plexus for circumstances where the clavicle may have fractured
114
what symptom could you see if the trapezius muscle is weak
drooping of the shoulders
115
name another important function of teres major
stabilises the humeral head in the glenoid cavity
116
why does the glenohumeral joint have bursae
to reduce friction on the tendons and bones
117
what covers the articular surfaces of the glenohumeral joint
hyaline cartilage
118
what is the weakest part of the glenohumeral joint
inferior part of the joint capsule because it is not reinforced by the rotator cuff muscles
119
transverse humeral ligament
broad, fibrous band that runs from the greater to the lesser tubercle which rcuns over the intratubular groove to make a canal for the long head of biceps brachii
120
coracoacromial arch
from acromion to coracoid process
with coracoacromial ligament
lies over head of humerus to prevent displacement from the glenoid cavity
this is very strong and fractures are more likely than displacement
121
what innervates the glenohumeral joint
suprascapular, axillary, subscapular and lateral pectoral nerves
122
what is the glenohumeral joint supplied by
anterior and posterior circumflex arteries and branches of the suprascapular artery
123
what type of joint is the elbow joint
hinge synovial
124
what innervates the elbow joint
musculocutaneous, medial, ulnar, radial nerves
125
what type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint
pivot synovial
126
what does the anular ligament do
hold the radial head in place
127
what type of joint is the distal radioulnar joint
pivot synovial
128
what is pronator quadratus innervated by
median nerve
129
what are the names of the vessels that provide an alternative root during elbow flexion
radial recurrent
ulnar recurrent
posterior interosseous
anterior interosseous
130
name the arteries of the forearm and hand
brachial
radial recurrent
ulnar recurrent
ulnar
posterior interosseous
anterior interosseous
radial
superficial palmar arch
deep palmar arch
131
name the veins of the forearm and hand
basilic
medial cubital
cephalic
radial
ulnar
palmar venous arches
digital
132
what are the actions of the triceps and which is its main function
elbow extension - main function
weaker action is to extend the arm
133
what is the triceps brachii split into
long head
lateral head
medial head
134
where does the long head of the triceps brachii originate
infraglenoid tubercle
135
where does the lateral head of triceps brachii originate
posterior humerus superior to the radial groove
136
where does the medial head of triceps brachii originate
posterior humerus inferior to the radial groove
137
where do the triceps brachii head insert
olecranon process of the ulna
138
what runs through the quadrant space of the posterior arm
axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery
139
what are the borders of the quadrant space
teres minor (sup)
teres major (inf)
long head of triceps brachii (med)
surgical neck of the humerus (lat)
140
what is found in the triangular space
radial nerve and profunda brachii artery
141
what are the borders of the triangular space
teres minor (sup)
teres major (inf)
long head of triceps brachii (lat)
Clinical Anatomy
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