AML

Question 1

Undifferentiated blasts, AML- -not otherwise categorized

Answer 1

M0 myeloid

Question 2

Blasts and promyelocytes predominate without further maturation of myeloid cells

Answer 2

M1 myeloid

Question 3

Myeloid cells demonstrate maturation beyond the blast and promyelocyte stage

Answer 3

M2 myeloid

Question 4

Promvelocytes predominate in the bone marrow

Question 5

Promvelocytes predominate in the bone marrow

Answer 5

M3 promyelocytic

Question 6

Both myeloid and monocytic cells are present to the extent of at least 20% of the total leukocytes

Answer 6

M4 myelomonocytic

Question 7

Most cells are monocytic; two subtypes (a and b) are recognized, one characterized by large blasts in bone marrow and peripheral blood, the other (differentiated type) by monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes

Answer 7

M5 monocytic

Question 8

Also known as Di Guglielmo syndrome; abnormal proliferation of both erythroid and granulocytic precursors; may include abnormal megakaryocytic and monocytic proliferations

Answer 8

M6 erythroleukemia

Question 9

Large and small megakaryoblasts with a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio; pale, agranular cytoplasm

Answer 9

M7 megakaryocytic

Question 10

is characterized by either a rapid or gradual onset that may resemble an acute infection. The patient may have a history of fever, infections, fatigue, and bleeding episodes. Physical examination may reveal tenderness of the bones, particularly the ribs and sternum; ulcerated mucous membranes; petechiae; and purpura. Additional physical findings may include hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy.

Answer 10

FAB M1

Question 11

 The outstanding feature of the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow is the predominance of myeloblasts. These blasts usually have a regular cytoplasmic outline and may contain slender, red- staining Auer rods in the cytoplasm. The nuclear chromatin is very fine and homogeneous

Answer 11

M1

Question 12

Associated with CHLOROMA = localized tumor masses consisting of myeloblasts. In these tumors, the presence of large quantities of the enzyme MPO produces a green appearance if the tissue is cut

Answer 12

M1

Question 13

Hemorrhagic manifestations such as easy bruising, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, and petechiae are common initial symptoms. Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy are seen infrequentl

Answer 13

M2

Question 14

Myeloblasts predominate on peripheral blood smears. The nuclei are usually round or oval with one or more prominent nucleoli and fi ne reticular chromatin. The cytoplasm is basophilic with a variable number of azurophilic granules. Auer rods are commonly seen

Answer 14

M2

Question 16

Fatigue and symptoms of bleeding such as bruising, hematuria, and petechiae are common. Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy are seen infrequently.

Answer 16

M3

Question 18

Appears to be the most aggressive of acute leukemia with a severe bleeding tendency and a fatal course
 Promyelocytes are the predominating cell type

Answer 18

M3

Question 19

The promyelocytes may be hypergranular, microgranular, or hypogranular variations. Coarsely granular
promyelocytes with dumbbell-shaped or bilobed nuclei may be seen. The nuclear chromatin is finely reticular and
the cells often lack nucleoli

Answer 19

M3

Question 20

is characterized by a balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17, which results in
the fusion between PML gene and retinoic acid receptor a (RARA)
 It is associated with DIC

Answer 20

M3

Question 22

This form of leukemia may also be referred to as Naegeli type monocytic leukemia. Occurrence of this form of leukemia is uncommon in children and young adults. The highest frequency of occurrence is in adults older than 50 years of age

Answer 22

M4

Question 23

Symptoms of this form of leukemia are similar to those of other forms of acute leukemia. Pharyngitis may be observed. Gingival hyperplasia due to leukemic infiltration may be noted
 Associated with leukostasis together with M5

Answer 23

M4

Question 24

Leukostasis refers to a pathological finding of slightly dilated, thin-walled vessels filled with leukemic cells. The brain
and lungs are the most commonly involved organs. Symptoms of leukostasis are headache, visual impairment, and
shortness of breath
proliferation of granulocytes and monocytes is characteristic.

Answer 24

M4

Question 26

Also known as Schilling type

Answer 26

M5

Question 28

The onset of this form of leukemia is dramatic, with headaches and fevers being the chief complaints. Typical symptoms of monocytic leukemia additionally include fatigue, weight loss, and bleeding from the mouth or nose. Physical examination frequently reveals gingival (mouth and gums) hyperplasia, as in myelomonocytic leukemia; pallor; and skin lesions

Answer 28

M5

Question 29

Monocytes and promonocytes constitute 25% to 75% of the nucleated cells. Blasts frequently have a muddy or smoggy gray-blue cytoplasm containing tiny granules, and pseudopods are common. The nucleus has a reticular granular chromatin pattern and may contain from one to five large nucleoli

Answer 29

M5

Question 30

Acute erythroid leukemia. This form of leukemia, also referred to as erythemic myelosis or Di Guglielmo syndrome represents a proliferation of both immature granulocytic and erythrocytic cells.

Answer 30

M6

Question 31

Erythroblasts on blood smears typically have an irregular outline with a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio  Blasts of myeloid origin may have Auer rods  Promyelocytes may also be present as well as monocytes and promonocytes

Answer 31

M6

Question 32

In this form of acute leukemia, 50% or more of the blasts are of megakaryocyte lineage.  Organomegaly is infrequent except in children. Radiographic evidence of bone lytic lesions has been observed in children

Answer 32

M7

Question 33

Immunophenotyping reveals that megakaryoblasts express one or more of the platelet glycoprotein: CD41 or CD61. Blasts are negative with anti-MPO antibody.

Answer 33

M7