ANATOMY Flashcards

Question

clincial relevance of carotid sinus

Answer 1

carotid sinus can be hypersensitive in some pts which can have feedback causative reduction in HR and hypotension resulting in syncope check carotid sinus in these pts

Answer 2

submandibular gland tail of parotid submandibular lymph nodes

Answer 3

inferior border of mandible

Answer 4

medial borde of SCM

Answer 5

saggital line down midline

Answer 6

* hyoglossus * mylohyoid * middle pharyngeal constrictor * anterior belly of digastric

Answer 7

depresses and retracts the tongue

Answer 8

elevates the tongue

Answer 9

helps to force bolus into the oesphagus and has respiratory role

Answer 10

entire muscle helps elevatory and opening muscles in mandible

Answer 11

* nerve to mylohyoid * hypoglossal nerve CNXII * marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve CN VII

Answer 12

* facial artery and vein * submental artery and vein * lingual artery adn vein (small part) * anterior jugular vein

Answer 13

strap muscles innervated by Ansa Cervicalis (C1-3) by thyrohyoid C1 spinal fibres

Answer 14

TOSS * thyrohyoid * omohyoid * sternothyroid * sternohyoid

Answer 15

superior thyroid artery

Answer 16

sternohyoid then omohyoid superior belly

Answer 17

sternohyoid - most superficial and medial then superior belly omohyoid is distal then thyrohyoid is distal to that sternothyroid is almost an instant continuation of the thyrohyoid but is seperated by the oblique line of thyroid cartilage

Answer 18

cricothryoid muscle and median cricothryoid ligament they fill the space between teh thryoid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

Answer 19

body isthmus lobes pyramidal lobe often absent

Answer 20

posterior border of SCM

Answer 21

middle 1/3 of clavicle

Answer 22

anterior border of trapezius

Answer 23

Phrenic nerve is situated distal to the External jugular vein Distal to the great vessels of the neck is the ventral rami of the C1- C3 spinal nerves, these originate at the distally placed Accessory spinal nerve (CN XI) and converge on the scalene muscles into a tributary like network of nerves Running inferiorly from these rami down towards the clavicle is the Phrenic Nerve These nerves then become one loop lying on the great vessels known as the Ansa Cervicalis The Vagus nerve (CN X) runs underneath the ansa down towards the clavicle more medially than the phrenic The Brachial Plexus is also in this region between the scalenes

Answer 24

Subclavian vein and artery - vein is more superficial * Subclavian gives rise to the deeply placed vertebral artery More distally and superficially there is the Thyrocervical trunk which has two branches * Transverse cervical artery (superior) * Suprascapular artery (inferior) The Dorsal scapular artery passes through the root of the brachial plexus

Answer 25

neck and oesphageal malignancy

Answer 26

damage to the nerve will result in an inability to shrug the shoulders

Answer 27

Transverse cervical nerve runs in a trident pattern across the SCM from D to M the Great Auricular Nerve runs superior to these towards the angle of the mandible The accessory spinal nerve looks like a slingshot with its forked part lying on the posterior border of SCM Supraclavicular nerves are running in a triad towards the clavicle The Phrenic nerve is situated distal to the Internal jugular vein

Answer 28

External Jugular vein lies on the SCM running up its length The EJV branches into the Posterior Auricular vein and the Posterior retromandibular vein The Posterior retromandibular vein then becomes the major retromandibular vein and dissappears into the Parotid It branches just before it dissappears to become the anterior retromandibular vein which then joins with the common facial vein to become the facial vein running towards the more anterior portion of the mandible

Answer 29

the SCM lies most superficially and originates at the mastoid process of the temporal bone with a tendonous end to insert into the anterior 1/3 of the clavicle and the sternal part inserts into the manubrium of the sternum with its very tendonous end The inferior bellly of the Omohyoid muscle runs in an opposite diagonal vector to the the SCM and loops underneath it forming an “X” arrangement * below this is the Scalenus Anterior and Medius Distal to these is the Levator Scapulae muscle

Answer 30

typical * Body of vertebrae transmits weight * Spinal Cord is inside the vertebral foramen * Spinous process - attaches muscles and ligaments * greater distance from vertebral body = greater leverage * Pedicles slope anteriorly and laterally from vertebral foramen * Lamina - encloses spinal cord and give attachment to the ligamenta flava * Facet joints of opposing vertebrae join by a zygapophyseal joint * C7 known as the vertebrae prominens due to its large spinous process (Non-bifid)

Answer 31

a.k.a foramen transcersarium transmits the following structures * Vertebral artery * Vertebral vein * Sympathetic nerve plexus

Answer 32

when the pedicular spaces of the opposing vertebrae articulate they form intervertebral foramina which in turn transmit spinal nerves

Answer 33

* anterior tubercle * costo-transverse bar * posterior tubercle

Answer 34

runs through c6-c1 (skirts around c7 the vertebrae prominens) altough c7 doesn't have a verterbral artery supply it still has the other neurovascular components

Answer 35

C1 has no vertebral body but instead has two vertebral arches and lateral masses On inside of anterior arch there is a facet for the Dens of C2 Since this is the most superior of the vertebrae, once the vertebral artery leaves the foramen transversarium it goes across the C1 arterial groove and joins the vertebral artery from the other side of the body When they join they become the Basilar artery and enter the brain via the foramen magnum C1 joins the skull at the atlanto-occipital joint via the sup. art. facet and occipital condyles

Answer 36

c2 Odontoid process (Dens) small foramen transversarium

Answer 37

In Osteoarthritis, bony spurring (osteophytes) of the facet joints occurs and results in a narrowing of the disc spacing - Some osteophytes can compress on the foramen transversarium causing vertebro-basillar ischaemia and resultant cerebral ischaemic events

Answer 38

occipital nodes mastoid nodes (post auricular nodes) pre-auricular nodes parotid nodes (inner) parotid nodes (outer) submental nodes submnadibular nodes facial nodes superficial cervical nodes

Answer 39

1-3 usually drain the back of teh scalp

Answer 40

2 lie on the origin of the SCM muscle drain the posterior neck, upper ear and back of the external auditory meatus

Answer 41

1-3nodes anterior to auricle of ear drain superficial areas of face and temporal region

Answer 42

lie on parotid gland drain nose, nasal cavity, external acoustic meatus, tympanic cavity, lateral border of the orbit

Answer 43

lie on inner surface of parotid drain nasal cavity and nasopharynx

Answer 44

superficial to mylohyoid drain lower lip floor of mouth apex of tongue

Answer 45

3-6 in submandibular triangle drain cheeks, lateral aspect of nose, upper lip and anterior tongue also drain secondary structures covered by the facial and submental nodes

Answer 46

maxillary/ infraorbital, buccal and submandibular nodes drain the mucous membrane of the nose and cheek, eyelids and conjuntiva

Answer 47

divided into 2 sets superficial anterior nodes (near anterior jugular vein) * drain anterior structures of the neck posterior lateral nodes (near external jugular vein) * drain superficial areas of the neck

Answer 48

deep cervical chain of nodes * recieve lymph from entirety of head and neck * in close proximity to the internal jugular vein * loosely divided into superior and inferior but include node such as the jugulo-omohyoid, jugulo-digastric, supraclavicular nodes and pretracheal nodes amongst many others

Answer 49

Neck Lymphadenopathy is a huge red flag in predictions of malignancy Associated pharyngitis, dysphagia, otalgia

Answer 50

supraclavicular lymph nodes on the left side if enlarged can be called Troisiers sign which is a long agreed sign of Abdominal Malignancy due to its tendency to have lymphatic metastatic patterns

Answer 51

antirior cranial fossa middle cranial fossa posterior cranial fossa

Answer 52

frontal bone to sphenoidal ridge

Answer 53

lesser wing if the sphenoid to the chiasmatic groove adn teh petrous part of the temporal bone

Answer 54

petroud temporal to the occipital bone

Answer 55

(separated by the Crista galli) ant cranial fossa contains fibres that form the **Olfactory bulb (CN I)** (imagine the fibres being like the bristles of a tooth brushes and the head being the body of the toothbrush)

Answer 56

Contains **Optic Nerve (CN II)** which cross partially at the optic chiasm to form the one visual image, it also transmits the _Opthalmic Artery_ which is a branch of the Internal Carotid

Answer 57

Contains the * Oculomotor Nerve (CN III), * Trochlear Nerve (CN IV), * Abducens (CN VI) * V1 of Trigeminal Nerve CN (V)

Answer 58

Contains the * Zygomatic Branch of V2 * Maxillary branch of Trigeminal Nerve, * Opthalmic vein * ascending branches of the Pterygopalatine ganglion

Answer 59

Maxillary branch V2 of the Trigimenal nerve (CN V) mid cranial fossa

Answer 60

mandibular branch of V3 of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)

Answer 61

contains the middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein and meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve which supples the dura

Answer 62

sphenoidal emissary vein - links the pterygoid venous plexus to the cavernous sinus (creating the link here for alveolar infections and their theoretical fatal outcome)

Answer 63

facial nerve CNVII and vestibulocochlear nerve CNVIII and the Labyrinthine artery

Answer 64

1. anterior compartment - inferior petrosal sinus 2. intermediate compartment - glossopharyngeal CNIX and accessory spinal nerve - descending fibres (CNXI) 3. posteiror compartment - sigmoid sinus that becomes the Internal Jugular Vein and some Meningeal branches of the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries

Answer 65

hypoglossal nerve CNXII

Answer 66

ascending fibres of the accessory spinal nerve, spinal cord and vertebral artery

Answer 67

1. skin 2. subcutaneous tissue 3. bone of skull 4. dura mater 5. arachnoid mater 6. sub-arachnoid space 7. pia mater

Answer 68

outer table dipole (vascular) inner table

Answer 69

endosteal layer * lines the inner surface of the bones of the cranium dural venous sinuses e.g. superior saggital sinus meningeal layer * lines the endosteal layer inside the cranial cavity, it is the only layer present in the vertebral column * numerous infoldings of the meningeal layer * falx cerebri - splits hemispheres * tentorium cerebelli (occipital lobe from the cerebellum) * falx cerebilli splits cerebral hemispheres * diaphragma sellae - covers pituitray gland and sella turcicia

Answer 70

* web like appearance * cushions CNS * Arachnoid trabeculae (inferiorly into the pia mater) * Arachnoid villi (superiorly into the superior saggital sinus) = arachnoid granulations they drain CSF into sup. saggital sinus

Answer 71

connective tissue filaments with space in between arachnoid and pia maters, it allows CSF to flow through the filament spaces

Answer 72

highly vascular due to abundance of capillaries closely adherent to the gyru also fit into the sulci

Answer 73

anterior meningeal artery middle meningeal artery posterior meningeal artery

Answer 74

branches of ethmoidal arteries which are branches of the maxillary artery (ECA)

Answer 75

branches of maxillary artery (ECA)

Answer 76

terminal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery (ECA) and other meningeal branches from * ascending pharyngeal artery * occipital artery * vertebral artery

Answer 77

internal carotid arteries vertebral arteries

Answer 78

After running their course through the carotid sheath they enter the brain via the carotid canal of the temporal bone They don’t supply any branches to the face and neck but do to intracranial structures The branches are : * Opthalmic artery - Supplies the orbit * Posterior Communicating artery - one on either side of the circle of willis * Anterior cerebral artery - supplies part of the cerebrum After branching the internal carotids become the midddle cerebral artery whcih supplies the lateral parts of the cerebrum

Answer 79

Right and Left vertebral arteries arise from the subclavian arteries, join to form the basillar artery go up through the foramina transversarium of the vertebral column enter cranium through the foramen magnum Has branches :- * Meningeal branch - supplies the falx cerebelli * Anterior and Posterior Spinal Arteries - supplies the spinal cord going its entire length * Posterior inferior cerebellar artery - supplies the cerebellum

Answer 80

due to thrombosis, emoblism, hypoperfusion or haemorrhage (see cerebrovascular accidents) Atherosclerotic embolus from the neck is the most common aetiology

Answer 81

- most likely to occur in the circle of willis, rarely symptomatic until rupture

Answer 82

aka spinal stroke, due to fracture, vascular disease or compression, results in paralysis and muscle weakness

Answer 83

Cranial venous sinuses have walls made of not endothelium but instead the actual dura mater itself The sinuses are valveless unlike most veins The transverse sinus is attached to the tentorium cerebelli Sigmoid sinus becomes the Internal jugular vein after leaving the cranial cavity RHS sinus drains upper part of the brain because of connection to the superior saggital sinus the venous sinuses are best thought of as collecting pools of blood rather than true veins, \*The superior cerebral veins on the superior saggital sinus have been prescribed a role of maintain venous pressure within the venous system of the brain, as they face in an opposite direction to the flow of blood, therefore replace the need for venous valves

Answer 84

contains the straight, occipital, superior and inferior saggital sinuses the three sinuses meet at an area called the confluence of sinuses aka the torcular herophilli the straight sinus is a continuation of the great cerebral vein and the inferior saggital sinus

Answer 85

cavernous sinus drains the opthalmic veins and can be found either side of the sella turcica - the blood then returns to the internal jugular vein via the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

Answer 86

1) Blood flow slow in the sinus 2) Boil burst on the face - bacteria travel and multiply 3) Thrombosis occurs due to communication with the pterygoid venous plexus 4) Results in fever, eye swelling, upper motor dysfunction

ANATOMY Flashcards

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