1
Q
which structures passes through the inguinal canal in males?
A
The inguinal canal allows the ductus deferens, testicular artery, vein, and nerves to pass through into the scrotum in males.
2
Q
The atlanto-occipital joint permits which movements?
A
nodding movements (flexion and extension)
3
Q
In ruminants, the esophageal groove is most functional in
A
suckling calves, allowing milk to bypass the rumen and flow directly into the abomasum
4
Q
The cranial cruciate ligament attaches to which part of the tibia?
A
inserts on the cranial intercondylar area of the tibia and helps prevent cranial displacement of the tibia
5
Q
Which species lacks a gallbladder?
A
The horse does not have a gallbladder and instead secretes bile continuously into the duodenum
6
Q
The brachial plexus is formed by ventral branches of spinal nerves
A
C6-T2
7
Q
Which bone contributes to the orbit in dogs?
A
The frontal bone forms a significant part of the orbital rim in dogs and other species.
8
Q
The linea alba is composed of:
A
Collagen fibers from aponeuroses
It is a fibrous structure that runs down the midline of the abdomen
It is formed by the interweaving of the aponeuroses (flat tendinous sheets) of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles.
It is primarily composed of dense regular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers.
There is no muscle or fat in it, which makes it a preferred site for surgical incisions, especially in midline laparotomy, due to minimal bleeding and good healing.
9
Q
The fibrous structure connecting the left and right ventricle externally is called:
A
The paraconal interventricular groove lies on the auricular (left) surface of the heart and marks the external location of the interventricular septum.
10
Q
In domestic animals, the diaphragm is innervated by:
A
The phrenic nerve, formed by cervical spinal nerves (C5–C7), provides motor and sensory innervation to the diaphragm.
11
Q
The gluteal region is innervated primarily by the:
A
Sciatic nerve
Provides motor and sensory innervation to the hindlimb including gluteal muscles.
12
Q
Which species has the most well-developed vomeronasal organ?
A
Pig
Used for pheromone detection; highly developed in pigs for mating behavior.
13
Q
The hoof of a horse corresponds anatomically to the:
A
The hoof encloses and protects the distal phalanx (P3 or coffin bone).
14
Q
Which species has a complete bony orbit?
A
Horse, ox, sheep, pig
15
Q
The trachea bifurcates at the level of:
A
T5
16
Q
The longest cranial nerve is:
A
Vagus
17
Q
Which bone forms the floor of the cranial cavity?
A
The occipital bone forms the caudal portion and contributes to the floor of the cranial cavity.
18
Q
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm in animals?
A
Phrenic nerve
🧠 Explanation: The phrenic nerve, arising from cervical spinal nerves (C3–C5), controls the diaphragm and is essential for respiration.
19
Q
In ruminants, which structure prevents regurgitation of ingesta during eructation?
A
Lower esophageal sphincter
🧠 Explanation: The lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) in ruminants prevents regurgitation during eructation, maintaining unidirectional movement.
20
Q
Uncinate process occurs in
A
ribs of fowl
21
Q
Corpora quadrigemina is a part of
A
midbrain
22
Q
Trochlear nerve is
A
motor nerve, smallest
23
Q
fovea capitis in horses related to which ligament
A
check ligament (accessory lugament of femur)
24
Q
preputial diverticulum found in
A
boar
25
thoracic vertebrae in horse
18
26
The urethral process is present in which species?
The urethral process (also called vermiform appendage) is well developed in small ruminants like sheep and goats. It plays a role in urine flow but can get obstructed by calculi.
27
Which nerve is most important for weight bearing in the forelimb of a horse?
Radial nerve
➤ The radial nerve innervates the extensor muscles of the forelimb. Injury leads to inability to extend the limb and bear weight.
28
The epiphyseal plate is made up of which type of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
➤ The growth plate consists of hyaline cartilage, allowing longitudinal growth of bones during development.
29
Which species lacks an acromion process on the scapula?
horse’s scapula lacks the acromion process, which is present in ruminants and dogs.
30
The supraglenoid tubercle is the origin of which muscle?
Biceps brachii
Explanation: It serves as the point of origin for the biceps brachii muscle in most domestic animals.
31
Which joint is a hinge joint in domestic animals?
a) Shoulder joint
b) Atlanto-occipital joint
c) Elbow joint
d) Hip joint
Elbow joint
Explanation: The elbow is a classic ginglymus (hinge) joint allowing flexion and extension only.
32
The longest muscle in the horse is:
Longissimus dorsi
Explanation: It extends from the ilium to the head and is the longest muscle.
33
Which bone shows a prominent deltoid tuberosity in the horse?
The humerus in the horse has a very prominent deltoid tuberosity.
34
Which of the following joints is a ball-and-socket joint?
a) Shoulder
b) Elbow
c) Stifle
d) Radioulnar
shoulder
34
Which bone shows a prominent deltoid tuberosity in the horse?
The humerus in the horse has a very prominent deltoid tuberosity.
35
The “stay apparatus” is characteristic of which species?
Horse
Explanation: The stay apparatus allows the horse to rest standing without muscular effort.
36
Which muscle flexes the stifle joint?
Semitendinosus
Explanation: It helps in flexing the stifle and extending the hip and hock.
37
Which bone forms the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity?
Ilium
Explanation: The ilium contributes to the lateral pelvic wall.
38
Which ligament is present only in the horse’s stifle joint and not in other domestic animals?
a) Cranial cruciate ligament
b) Medial collateral ligament
c) Peroneus tertius
d) Medial patellar ligament (extra long)
d) Medial patellar ligament (extra long)
Explanation: In horses, the medial patellar ligament is prominent and participates in locking mechanism of the stifle.
39
Which nerve passes through the suprascapular notch?
Suprascapular nerve
Explanation: The suprascapular nerve passes through the notch and is prone to injury in large animals.
40
Which species has a fibrocartilaginous labrum in the shoulder joint?
Dogs have a prominent labrum that deepens the glenoid cavity for shoulder stabilization.
41
Which part of the scapula is absent in dogs?
Dogs lack a well-developed acromion; it is prominent in ruminants.
42
In ruminants, which bone is fused in the forelimb?
Humerus and ulna
Explanation: In ruminants, radius and ulna are fused, preventing supination.
43
Which species has a fused fibula?
In cattle, the fibula is reduced and fused with the tibia.
44
Muscle responsible for extension of the elbow joint:
Triceps brachii is the primary extensor of the elbow joint.
45
Ligament that stabilizes the femur and tibia joint:
Cruciate ligaments (cranial and caudal) prevent forward and backward sliding of tibia.
46
The cervical vertebra with dens is:
The axis (C2) has a dens or odontoid process which articulates with the atlas for head rotation.
47
Species with most developed frontal sinus:
Ox has highly developed and compartmentalized frontal sinuses, often involved in sinusitis.
48
The number of thoracic vertebrae in cattle is:
13
49
The atlas vertebra lacks:
Vertebral body
Explanation: The atlas (C1) is a ring-like structure without a body.
50
In dogs, the clavicle is:
Vestigial
Explanation: Dogs have a small, non-functional vestigial clavicle.
51
The hock joint is anatomically referred to as the:
Tarsal joint
52
Which of the following species has a complete fibula?
a) Horse
b) Cow
c) Dog
d) Ox
c) Dog
Explanation: Dogs have a complete fibula; in ruminants and horses, it’s reduced or fused.
53
The dental pad replaces upper incisors in:
Ruminants like cattle lack upper incisors and have a dental pad instead.
54
The muscle responsible for flexion of the stifle joint is:
semitendinosus
55
Which bone forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Maxilla
56
The foramen ovale is located in which bone?
Foramen ovale lies in the sphenoid and transmits mandibular nerve.
57
The spinal cord ends at which vertebra in dogs?
L7
58
In ruminants, the paranasal sinus that extends into the horn is:
frontal sinus
59
os phrenic in camel present in
diaphragm
60
sacral vertebrae in ox
5
61
Supraspinatus muscle is involved in:
extension of shoulder
62
The flexor angle of the hock joint is located:
a) Cranially
b) Caudally
c) Medially
d) Dorsally
a) cranially
The hock joint (also called tarsal joint) in animals is equivalent to the ankle joint in humans.
• The flexor surface of a joint is the side that shortens (contracts) when the joint bends.
• For most limb joints in quadrupeds:
• Flexor side = caudal/posterior
• Extensor side = cranial/anterior
However, the hock joint is an exception because of how the bones are arranged and move.
In the hock joint:
• When the limb flexes, the angle decreases cranially.
• So, the flexor angle is on the cranial aspect of the joint.
• Conversely, the extensor side is caudal.
This is due to the reverse orientation caused by the joint’s anatomy (i.e., the tibia meeting the tarsus and the calcaneus projecting caudally).
⸻
🧠 Memory Tip:
💡 “Flexor of the hock is in the front (cranial)
63
solid mass of 16-32 embryonal cells covered by zona pellucida is
blastula
64
type of teeth absent in bovine
canine
65
carpals in dog
8
66
Dentition formula of permanent teeth in ox is:
2×(0 0 3 3/3 0 3 3)
67
‘Parrot mouth’ refers to:
Overshot mandible
68
Which bone forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
palatine
69
Ligament connecting femur to tibia in stifle joint:
Cruciate ligament
70
Which muscle is involved in castration wound healing delay?
Cremaster
📘 It pulls the testis up; if not removed during open castration, can trap infection or delay healing.
71
The rectus sheath is formed by aponeurosis of:
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
72
Anticlinal vertebra in bovine is:
T11
📘 It is the point where the direction of spinous processes changes; important radiographically.
73
Sella turcica is part of
Sphenoid bone
📘 Houses the pituitary gland; important in neuroanatomy.
74
In dogs, which bones form the zygomatic arch?
Temporal and zygomatic
📘 This arch forms the lateral boundary of the orbit.
75
Which bone bears the trochlear ridge in ruminants?
Talus
📘 Trochlea helps in articulation with the tibial cochlea in the hock joint.
76
Cannon bone in horse refers to:
Metacarpal III
📘 It is the major weight-bearing metacarpal in equines.
77
Paranasal sinuses found in bovines include:
Frontal, maxillary, palatine
📘 Involved in horn communication and sinus infections (e.g., post-dehorning).
78
In horses, what is the splint bone?
Metacarpal II and IV
📘 These lie on either side of the cannon bone and are prone to splint injuries.
79
Mandibular symphysis in dogs is:
Cartilaginous
📘 It allows slight flexibility. In cattle, it may ossify with age.
80
In horse, the facial crest is formed by:
Maxilla
📘 It is a prominent ridge important as a landmark for surgical approaches and nerve blocks.
81
Which species has a prominent intercornual protuberance?
Goat
📘 Also called poll region — very prominent in goats and used for restraint.
82
Which bone does NOT form part of the skull base?
a) Occipital
b) Temporal
c) Sphenoid
d) Parietal
Parietal
📘 Parietal bone forms part of the roof of the cranium, not the base.
83
Basioccipital articulates with:
Basisphenoid
📘 Basioccipital is the most caudal bone at the skull base and connects to the basisphenoid anteriorly.
84
Premaxilla in pigs contains:
a) Incisors
b) Canines
c) Premolars
d) Molars
Incisors
📘 Premaxilla (also called incisive bone) holds upper incisors — except in ruminants where they are absent.
85
Diastema is present between:
Canine and first premolar
📘 Diastema is a gap for bit placement in equines; present in most herbivores.
86
The ischial tuberosity in cattle is:
Trilobed
📘 Used as a landmark in epidural and parturition positioning.
87
Crista galli is a part of which bone?
Ethmoid
📘 Crista galli projects upward for attachment of meninges.
88
The navicular bone in horses is found in:
Distal limb (Pastern)
📘 Also called distal sesamoid; behind distal interphalangeal joint.
89
Tympanic bulla is a part of:
Temporal bone
📘 Encloses middle ear structures.
90
Which muscle forms the floor of the pelvic cavity?
levator ani
91
In ox, the kidney is located at:
L1-L3
92
The prepubic tendon is associated with which muscle?
Rectus abdominis
93
os penis called as
baculum
94
Which bone forms the lateral wall of the orbit in ox?
zygomatic
95
Parietal bone articulates with:
Temporal
Frontal
Occipital
96
horse- foot put down to ground, first part to touch the ground is
wall of hoof
97
if horse is to be cast on right side, master hobble is attached to
left hind pastern
If a horse is to be cast (made to fall) on its right side, the "master hobble" (the hobble that ties the front legs together) is typically attached to the left front legs. This setup ensures that when the horse is cast, its legs will be securely tied together on the side opposite the intended fall, helping to control the movement and prevent it from rolling in the wrong direction
98
full mouth: horses- when all teeth are being cut at age of
4yrs, 6m
99
The gluteobiceps muscle in large animals is formed by fusion of:
Biceps femoris and superficial gluteal
100
In ruminants, the omasum is also called:
manyplies
It has multiple leaves (laminae) that grind food.
101
Nucleus pulposus is derived from:
notochord
102
Which bone forms the floor of the cranium?
sphenoid
103
The “V” shape dental arcade is characteristic of which species?
horse
104
Which segment of the intestine is the longest in ruminants?
jejunum
105
Site for epidural injection in cattle:
S5-C1 (Sacrococcygeal space)
106
Parrot mouth is a condition of:
Mandibular brachygnathism
107
The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone allows passage of:
olfactory nerve
108
Pelvic inlet is bounded dorsally by:
sacrum
109
Which species has a suburethral diverticulum?
cow
110
nuchal ligament is absent in:
cat
111
fovea capitis notched in
horse
112
No of carpals in bovine
6
113
Muscle for hip extension:
biceps femoris
114
Muscle that inserts on olecranon:
triceps brachii
115
Which bone forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity in ox?
maxilla
116
The scapular cartilage is most prominent in:
ox
Supports heavy shoulder muscles.
117
Vertebral formula of goat:
C7 T13 L6 S4 Cd18
118
Syndesmosis is a:
a) Cartilaginous joint
b) Synovial joint
c) Fibrous joint
d) Ball and socket joint
c)
119
Bursa associated with biceps brachii in horse:
Intertubercular bursa
120
The first long bone to ossify in fetus:
clavicle
121
single occipital condyle is present in
fowl
122
third and fourth ventricles of brain are interconnected by
ductus arteriosus
123
conus arteriosus is a bulbous swelling at the origin of
coronary artery
124
The nuchal ligament in dogs is:
Funicular and lamellar
125
The “point of the shoulder” in animals refers to:
Greater tubercle of humerus
126
caecal tonsil present in
birds
127
only cranial nerve arising from dorsal aspect of brain is
trochlear
128
fold of dura mater covering hypophysis cerebri
diaphragma sellae
129
ventral buccal nerve is a branch of
facial
130
extensors of leg are innervated by which nerve
peroneal
131
largest nerve in brachial plexus
radial
132
Posterior vena cava is partly embedded in which organ along part of its course
liver
133
The largest terminal branch of the internal maxillary artery is
greater palatine
134
There are three musculi papillaris in which part of heart
RV
135
The largest terminal branch of the internal maxillary artery is
greater palatine
136
The lingual artery is the branch of
ext maxillary artery
137
The continuation of the femoral artery is
popliteal
138
father of histology
marie f.x. bichat
139
kidney of fowl has how many lobes
3
140
liver of Dog has how many lobes
5
141
muscle found on medial aspect of shoulder region
teres major
142
out of total volume, rumen occupies
80%
143
Diffuse placenta found in
mare
144
Brachiocephalic trunk originates at the level of which rib
4th
145
L shaped cardiac notch is present in ___ lung of ____
left, ox
146
Small metacarpal of ox is
5th metacarpal
147
The tapetum is absent in
pig
148
Which of the following is the auditory ossicle of fowl
columella
149
Merkel cell is found in
Skin
150
In ox, the distal extremity of lateral malleolus articulates with
tibial tarsal
151
Os ungulare is name of which of the following?
third phalanx
152
The interparietal bones are absent in
fowl
153
The accessory carpal bone of horse articulates with
radius and ulnar carpal
154
parietal cells present in
stomach
155
Sebaceous glands in the skin are classified as
Holocrine
Holocrine: Entire cell ruptures to release secretion, including cell debris; used by sebaceous glands.
Merocrine (Eccrine): Secretion released via exocytosis without cell damage; common in sweat and salivary glands.
Apocrine: Apical cell portion pinches off to release secretion; seen in mammary glands.
Cytocrine: Cells themselves released as secretion; example in the testis with spermatozoa.
156
adrenal cortex develops from
mesoderm
157
lumbar vertebrae are characterized by the size and form of their
body, spine, process or all
Size and Form of their Body: Large, thick, kidney-shaped vertebral bodies, increasing in size from L1 to L5.
Spine (Spinous Process): Short, thick, broad, blunt, projecting almost horizontally or perpendicularly backward.
Processes: Distinct superior and inferior articular processes with vertically oriented facets, accessory and mammillary processes for muscle attachment.
Distinguishing Features: Absence of transverse foramina and costal facets.
158
medial head of triceps originate from middle surface of shaft of which bone
humerus
159
among the cervical vertebrae the foramen transversarium is absent in which of the following
C7
160
the bony labyrinth is filled with a watery fluid called
perilymph
161
vena hemiazygos opens below the opening of
post VC
162
radial artery in ox continues as – metacarpal artery anterior posterior lateral or dorsal
anterior
163
maxillary nerve passes through which foramen
orbitorotundum
164
facial nerves come out through stylomastoid foramen and divide into how many branches
5
165
caudal extremity of spinal cord in horse tapers to a point caudal to lumbar segment and is called
filum terminale
166
apex of heart is formed by
LV
167
The median artery in ox is continuous into the radial artery distal continuation of brachial artery or terminate into common interosseous artery
In an ox, the median artery is the direct continuation of the brachial artery into the forearm after the common interosseous artery is given off
168
narrow passage between the mouth cavity and pharynx is known as
Isthmus faucium
169
renal pyramids are not distinct in cat dog horse sheep goat or all of the above or ox or boar
cat, dog, horse, sheep, and goat
170
spleen is roughly triangular in which horse dog cow or fowl
horse
171
Number of ribs in horse
36 (18 pairs)
172
example of amphiarthrosis is
Between articular processes of vertebra
Between bodies of vertebrae
Between ribs and vertebrae
Between bodies of vertebrae
173
herring bodies are the structures found in
neurohypophysis
swollen nerve endings (dilated axon terminals) in the posterior pituitary gland that store hormones like ADH and oxytocin
174
mammalian eggs are which lecithal
meso (micro) and isolecithal
175
Distal tibia with oblique ridges and groove seen in
horse
176
mandible of which species is characterised by an angular process
Dog
177
The tympanic membrane (eardrum) originates from
endo, medo, ectoderm
178
foramen transversarium is absent in the – Number cervical vertebrae of horse
C7
179
the chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla are known as
alpha, gamma
180
Number of Tarsal bones in ox – whereas in Dog are –
5,7
181
The muscle triceps brachii is a large three headed muscle, which consists of lateral, – and – heads
medial, long
182
The muscle situated on thoracic surface of sternum is
pectoralis
Veterinary Science
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