AP Psychology > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

a single nerve cell, the building blocks of the nervous system

A

neuron

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2
Q

branch-like extensions that receive and send messages in the neuron

A

dendrites

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3
Q

houses the nucleus and maintains the functioning of the cell

A

cell body (soma)

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4
Q

tail-like part of the neuron that transmits neural impulses

A

axon

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5
Q

where the axon begins on the soma

A

axon hillock

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6
Q

only some neurons have this, it covers and protects the axon and speeds up message transmission

A

myelin sheath

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7
Q

gaps in the myelin sheath that regenerate the action potential

A

nodes of ranivier

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8
Q

neural impulses that travel along the axon

A

action potentials

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9
Q

knobby things at the end of the neuron that send the action potential from one neuron to another

A

terminal buttons

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10
Q

space between neurons bc they don’t touch

A

synapse

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11
Q

chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other in the body

A

neurotransmitters (NTs)

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12
Q

NTs that cause action in the next neuron

A

exitatory

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13
Q

NTs that inhibit action in the next neuron

A

inhibitory

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14
Q

some NTs unabsorbed by the next neuron get pulled back into the first neuron to be reused later

A

re-uptake

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15
Q

a disease that degenerates myelin in the body

A

multiple sclerosis

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16
Q

neurotransmitter that causes activity in the next neuron

A

excitatory

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17
Q

neurotransmitter that inhibits or decreases activity in the next neuron

A

inhibitory

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18
Q

neurotransmitter that aids memory formation and muscle action

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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19
Q

neurotransmitter that aids movement, learning, attention, and emotion. controls reward and pleasure centers

A

dopamine (DA)

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20
Q

neurotransmitter that affects mood, sleep, focus, and hunger levels

A

serotonin (S-HT)

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21
Q

neurotransmitter that affects alertness activated in fight or flight scenarios

A

norepinephrine (NE)

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22
Q

an inhibitory neurotransmitter that slows electrical activity in the brain which aids sleep

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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23
Q

an excitatory neurotransmitter that helps with memory and thinking tasks

A

glutamate

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24
Q

too high levels of dopamine can cause what?

A

schizophrenia

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25
too low levels of dopamine can cause what?
parkinson's disease
26
low levels of serotonin can cause what?
depression
27
low levels of norepinepherine can cause what?
depression
28
low levels of GABA can cause what?
insomnia, anxiety
29
high levels of glutamate can cause what?
migraines, seizures
30
core of the brain, where the spine swells as it enters the skull
brainstem
31
base where brainstem and spine connect. deals with breathing, digestion, swallowing, etc
medulla
32
above medulla, relay/message station
pons
33
midbrain nerve network, deals with alertness, sleep
reticular formation
34
sensory switchboard for everything but sense of smell in the brain
thalamus
35
"little brain" behind brainstem at base of brain. coordinates movement output, balance, and nonverbal learning
cerebellum
36
part of the limbic system, deals with memory formation and organization
hippocampus
37
part of limbic system, deals with emotions, especially fear and aggression
amygala
38
part of limbic system, deals with eating/drinking, controls pituitary gland, emotion/reward center
hypothalamus
39
has 3 parts that deal with memory, emotions, and drives
limbic system
40
wrinkled outer layer of brain, ultimate control/processing center
cerebral cortex
41
the left hemisphere is specialized for what?
language
42
right half of brain sends and receives info from left, vice versa
contralateral
43
lobe that deals with planning, decision-making, thought processes
frontal lobe
44
in the frontal lobe, thing that deals with voluntary movement
motor cortex
45
lobe that mediates attention
parietal lobe
46
in the parietal lobe, thing that receives sensation of skin/muscles from other half of brain
somatasensory
47
lobe that deals with auditory processing and understanding speech
temporal lobe
48
in the temporal lobe, thing that receives and processes sound
auditory cortex
49
lobe that deals with visual processing
occipital lobe
50
in the occipital lobe, thing that receives and processes vision
visual cortex
51
in the frontal lobe of left hemisphere ONLY, allows you to speak
broca's area
52
in the temporal lobe of left hemisphere ONLY, allows you to understand speech
wernicke's area
53
damage to wernicke's area of the brain is called what
wernicke's aphasia
54
band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
corpus callosum
55
when your corpus callosum is severed in the hopes of localizing seizures
split brain
56
fissure that runs along the length of the cerebral cortex, separating the hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
57
ability to form new neurons
neurogenesis
58
brain's ability to reorganize based on experiences
plasticity
59
transparent, dome-shaped window covering front of eye
cornea
60
cornea deals with bending of light waves into eye. what is this called?
gross refraction
61
watery fluid that fulls the space between the cornea and iris, gives eye shape
aqueous
62
colored part of eye that adjusts the size of the pupil
iris
63
hole in the center of the eye that lets light in
pupil
64
white part of eye
sclera
65
focuses light through the pupil onto the retina
lens
66
thick, transparent fluid that makes up 2/3 of the eye's volume
vitreous
67
tissue that lines the back of the eye and converts light into signals
retina
68
layers of the retina
ganglion, interneurons, fovea
69
center portion of the retina, has most of the cones
fovea
70
what are the three types of interneuron
amacrine, bipolar, horizontal
71
conversion of light into electrochemical impulses (retina does this in the eye)
transduction
72
takes impulses from retina to brain for processing
optic nerve
73
impulses go from optic nerve (in eye) to chiasma (in brain) along this
optic chiasma
74
external part of ear that amplifies sound
pinna
75
carries sound from pinna into ear
auditory canal
76
moves in response to sound waves and converts the waves into vibrations
eardrum (tympanic membrane)
77
made up of three bones that transmit and amplify vibrations
ossicles
78
what are the three ossicles
malleus (hammer) incus (anvil) stapes (stirrup)
79
membrane that connects stapes (stirrup) to cochlea
oval window
80
a fluid filled chamber in the ear, coiled like a snail
cochlea
81
in the cochlea, has hair cells that concert vibrations into a neural impulse, which goes to the brain
basilar membrane
82
hearing with two ears, used when trying to hear what direction a sound is coming from
stereophonic hearing
83
brain locates where a sound is coming from by noting which ear receives it first and the loudness of the sound
sound localization
84
helper cells that let us process visual information
ganglion
85
a hunger-suppressing hormone secreted by a full stomach
leptin
86
NTs related to pain control and pleasure
endorphins
87
sleep-walking (often has a genetic component)
somnabulism
88
NT involved in pain perception and immune response
substance p
89
pain perception is modulated by a "gate" in the spinal cord that either opens or closes to allow or block pain signals from reaching the brain.
gate control theory
90
this part of the brain stores explicit memories and consolidates them during sleep
hippocampus
91
this part of the brain stores implicit and procedural memories
cerebellum
92
this part of the brain oversees the formation of procedural memories
basal ganglia
93
stress in this part of the brain creates "flashbulb memories"
amygdala
94
this part of the brain stores long-term declarative memories
cerebral cortex
AP Psychology
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