AP Psychology > development+learning > Flashcards

development+learning Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

studying “womb to tomb,” from before birth until death

A

developmental psychology

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2
Q

studying the same group for a very long period of time

A

longitudinal research

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3
Q

studying people from a variety of ages to get the same effect as the same group for a long time

A

cross-sectional research

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4
Q

the transmission of genetic material (physical and psychological traits)

A

heredity

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5
Q

this is composed of strands of DNA

A

chromosomes

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6
Q

how many chromosomes do you have?

A

46

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7
Q

strands of DNA

A

genes

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8
Q

the name for the codes of your literal genetic makeup

A

genotype

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9
Q

a name for the visible aspects of your genetic makeup (eye color, etc)

A

phenotype

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10
Q

what are the three prenatal phases

A

germinal, embryonic, fetal

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11
Q

how long is the germinal phase

A

conception until two weeks

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12
Q

the fertilized cell (conception) becomes WHAT after the germinal phase

A

zygote

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13
Q

how long is the embryonic phase

A

two to eight weeks

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14
Q

the zygote becomes WHAT during the embryonic stage

A

embryo

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15
Q

how long is the fetal stage

A

eight weeks until birth (38 weeks)

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16
Q

times during development where you are highly sensitive to outside influences

A

critical periods

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17
Q

substances that can alter the normal course of in-utero development in negative ways

A

teratogens

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18
Q

another word for newborn

A

neonate

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19
Q

automatic behaviors that you are born with

A

reflexes

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20
Q

a reflex that you are born with where when you touch a newborn on the cheek, they turn their head that way

A

rooting

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21
Q

a reflex that you are born with where when you put your finger in a newborn’s had, they will hold it tightly

A

grasping

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22
Q

a reflex that you are born with where when a newborn is startled by a loud noise or sudden change in position, they throw out their arms

A

moro reflex

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23
Q

a reflex you are born with in which a newborn spreads their toes when the bottom of their foot is stroked

A

babinski reflex

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24
Q

physical and psychological development after birth

A

maturation

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25
humans seek a balance between what they see and what they know
equilibration
26
what kids use for equilibration-- adding new concepts into schema without changing the schema
assimilation
27
mental framework and organization of thoughts
schema
28
adults use this for equilibration-- adjusting their existing schema to fit new info
accomodation
29
Piaget's theory for ages 0-2, using senses and movement as the driving force for cognition
sensorimotor stage
30
a part of the sensorimotor stage where babies learn that objects are there even when they cannot see them
object permanence
31
Piaget's theory for ages 2-7, where kids can comprehend symbolic thought (symbols have meaning)
preoperational stage
32
part of the preoperational stage where kids are unable to see things from others' perspectives
egocentric
33
Piaget's theory for ages 7-11, where kids show an increase of logical thought
concrete operational stage
34
part of the concrete operational stage where kids can understand that when the appearance of an object changes, the object does not necessarily change
conservation of liquid/matter
35
Piaget's theory for ages 11+, where teenagers are able to understand abstract principles like honor and loyalty as well as hypothetical scenarios
formal operational stage
36
this guy suggested that children may go through Piaget's stages quicker depending on their enviroment
vyogotsky
37
mirroring culture's habits
internalization
38
your personality present at birth (inherited behavior traits)
temperament
39
the bond between two animals (mother and child)
imprinting
40
the warm feeling from cuddling is more important to babies than a food source
contact comfort
41
one of the temperaments-- generally in a positive mood and good with change
easy
42
one of the temperaments-- generally in a negative mood, cries a lot, bad with change
difficult
43
one of the temperaments-- shy and take a while to adjust to change
slow to warm up
44
this dude studied imprinting in goslings, who imprint on the first moving thing they see
konrad lorenz
45
this woman discovered the bond types
mary ainsworth
46
one of the bond types-- when the child is stressed when their mom leaves and seek contact comfort from her when she returns
secure
47
one of the bond types-- when a child does not want to be around mom and doesn't seek comfort from her when she returns
insecure avoidant
48
one of the bond types-- child is stressed when the mom leaves but doesn't seek comfort from her when she returns
insecure anxious
49
this woman discovered that parenting styles result in parenting patters in children
diana baumrind
50
one of the parenting styles-- an emphasis on quiet, obedient kids with extremely high expectations for them
authoritarian
51
what kind of personality does the authoritarian parenting style create in children
moody and aggressive
52
one of the parenting styles-- when the parents have little/no rules or expectations for children
permissive
53
what kind of personality does the permissive parenting style create in children
immature, dependent
54
one of the parenting styles-- when parents have reasonable rules and structure for children
authoritative
55
what kind of personality does the authoritative parenting style create in children
self-controlled and well-adjusted
56
Erik Erickson's theory of psychosocial development-- from ages 0-1, kids need to know they can rely on their mom for food or needs
trust vs mistrust
57
Erik Erickson's theory of psychosocial development-- from ages 1-3, kids need to exert self-control
autonomy vs shame/doubt
58
Erik Erickson's theory of psychosocial development-- from ages 3-6, kids need to initiate play rather than following others
initiative vs guilt
59
Erik Erickson's theory of psychosocial development-- from ages 6-12, kids must believe they are capable of producing a worthy outcome
industry vs inferiority
60
Erik Erickson's theory of psychosocial development-- teenagers need to have a sense of who they are
identity vs role confusion
61
Erik Erickson's theory of psychosocial development-- early adults need to be intimate with another person
intimacy vs isolation
62
Erik Erickson's theory of psychosocial development-- mid adults need to contribute to future generations
generativity vs stagnation
63
Erik Erickson's theory of psychosocial development-- late adults need to be able to look back on their life with acceptance
integrity vs dispair
64
a conflict between personal needs and societal expectations
psychosocial dilemma
65
biological distinction in anatomy
sex
66
your psychological experience of your sex, or the societal rules for the sexes
gender
67
transition from kid to adult, when you develop secondary sex characteristics
puberty
68
internal ovaries/testes, external genetalia
primary sex characteristics
69
what you develop in puberty (breasts, body hair, voice change)
secondary sex characteristics
70
your sense of being masculine or feminine
gender identity
71
behaviors/cultural norms according to your sex
gender role
72
the lifelong process where people learn + internalize the societal expectations appropriate for their sex
gender role socialization
73
what are some examples of gender role socialization
blue and pink, trucks and dolls, housework and schoolwork
74
a person who has both masculine and feminine traits
androgyny
75
(based on the Heinz dilemma) how young kids make moral decisions-- will they be caught stealing, can they avoid punishment
preconventional level
76
(based on the Heinz dilemma) how kids make moral decisions-- based on others' perceptions of whether they are a hero or a theif
conventional level
77
(based on the Heinz dilemma) how adults make moral decisions-- based on their own, self-defined sense of morality
postconventional level
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