Angular Limb Deformities, Flexural Deformities/Tendon Laxity

Question 1

Is this an example of valgus or varus deformity?

Answer 1

valgus

Question 2

Is this an example of valgus or varus deformity?

Answer 2

varus

Question 3

Is this an example of valgus or varus deformity?

Answer 3

valgus

Question 4

Which statement regarding limb conformation in foals with ALD is correct?

• With valgus deformities, there is usually a certain degree of outward rotation of the feet
• With varus deformities there is usually a certain degree of outward rotation of the feet
• With valgus deformities there is usually a certain degree of inward rotation of the feet
• Rotational deformities are uncommon in foals with ALD

Answer 4

With valgus deformities, there is usually a certain degree of outward rotation of the feet​

Question 5

Which of the following is not part of the multifactorial complex implicated in development of angular limb deformities in foals?

• Abnormal fetal limb positioning
• Placentitis
• Hypoplasia of the proximal sesamoid bones
• Growth-plate trauma

Answer 5

Hypoplasia of the proximal sesamoid bones​

Question 6

Which statement regarding diagnosis of angular limb deformities in foals is true?

• Regardless of the degree and location of the defor- mity, all foals should have their limbs radiographed at the initial examination.
• The limb can usually be manually straightened in foals with asymmetric physeal or epiphyseal growth.
• The limb can usually be manually straightened in foals with hypoplasia of the carpal bones.
• Radiography is useful in determining the degree of rotational deformity.

Answer 6

The limb can usually be manually straightened in foals with hypoplasia of the carpal bones.​

Question 7

Which statement regarding the diagnostic workup in foals with tarsal angular limb deformi- ties is correct?

• A dorsoplantar radiographic view is especially useful in identifying tarsal bone hypoplasia.
• A lateromedial radiographic view is especially useful in identifying tarsal bone hypoplasia.
• Clinicians should rely heavily on a dorsoplantar ra- diographic view for exact identification and evaluation of the location and degree of tarsal angular limb deformities.
• Concurrent rotational deformities are best identified using radiography.

Answer 7

A lateromedial radiographic view is especially useful in identifying tarsal bone hypoplasia

Question 8

Which of the following is the most likely cause of carpal angular deformities in newborn foals?

• Asymmetric growth at the distal radial growth plate
• Periarticular laxity
• Delayed ossification of the epiphysis
• Asymmetric growth at the distal radial growth plate and the epiphyseal growth cartilage

Answer 8

Periarticular laxity

Question 9

Which statement regarding congenital hypothyroidism is correct?

• It has been implicated as a cause of uneven physeal growth.
• It has been implicated as a cause of delayed ossification of the carpal and tarsal cuboidal bones.
• It has been implicated as a cause of delayed epiphyseal ossification.
• It is often associated with abnormal fetal limb posi- tioning.

Answer 9

It has been implicated as a cause of delayed ossification of the carpal and tarsal cuboidal bones.​

Question 10

Foals with tarsal bone hypoplasia tend to present with

• valgus deformity
• varus deformity
• valgus deformity and straight-hocked appearance
• valgus deformity and sickle-hocked appearance

Answer 10

valgus deformity and sickle-hocked appearance​

Question 11

Which statement regarding physical examination of foals with angular limb deformities is true?

• Angular limb deformities are often associated with some degree of lameness in the affected limb(s)
• Angular limb deformities are normally associated with heat, pain, and swelling at the site of the deformity
• In most cases, foals with angular limb deformities are not lame
• a and b

Answer 11

In most cases, foals with angular limb deformities are not lame​

Question 12

Which statement regarding foals with cuboidal bone hypoplasia is correct?

• If left untreated, cuboidal bone hypoplasia results in a manually irreducible deformity within 2 weeks
• If left untreated, cuboidal bone hypoplasia results in a manually irreducible deformity within 2 days
• Manual reducibility of this condition is not time dependent
• This condition is never manually reducible

Answer 12

If left untreated, cuboidal bone hypoplasia results in a manually irreducible deformity within 2 weeks​

Question 13

Angular limb deformities most often originate within the carpal, tarsal, __________ joint regions

• or distal interphalangeal
• or proximal interphalangeal
• or metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal
• distal interphalangeal, or metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal

Answer 13

or metacarpo- or metatarsophalangeal ​

Question 14

To avoid development of a contracted foot in a foal, glue-on shoes should not be left on for longer than:

Answer 14

2 weeks

Question 15

To allow rapid growth in young foals, tube casts should be changed at __________ intervals

Answer 15

10-14 day

Question 16

Corrective ostectomy or osteotomy is

• preferred in treating tarsal bone hypoplasia
• preferred in treating severe carpal or tarsal bone hypoplasia
• generally performed before cessation of physeal growth
• generally performed after cessation of physeal growth

Answer 16

generally performed after cessation of physeal growth​

Question 17

Which statement regarding tFeatment of foals with carpal bone hypoplasia is correct?

• Foals with carpal bone hypoplasia often require surgical treatment after an initial period of splint bandaging
• Foals with valgus deformities caused by carpal bone hypoplasia should be treated with confinement and by applying a glue-on shoe with extension to the inside
• Foals with valgus deformities caused by carpal bone hypoplasia should be treated with confinement and by applying a glue-on shoe with extension to the outside
• Foals with carpal bone hypoplasia should be treated with splint bandaging or tube casting.

Answer 17

Foals with carpal bone hypoplasia should be treated with splint bandaging or tube casting.​

Question 18

A 6-week-old foal with a significant varus defor- mity caused by asymmetric grvwth at the distal metatar•I growth plate in the left hindlimb is best treated with

• splint bandaging and confinement
• confinement
• corrective trimming and, possibly, shoeing as well as confinement
• surgery, corrective trimming, and, possibly, shoeing as well as confinement

Answer 18

corrective trimming and, possibly, shoeing as well as confinement​

Question 19

Potential complications of periosteal transection and stripping for treatment of angular limb deformities includes all of the following except:

• Incisional infection
• Incomplete correction
• Overcorrection
• Bony exostoses
• Incisional dehiscence

Answer 19

Overcorrection

Question 20

Concerning hemicircimferential transaction/periosteal stripping for treatment of angular lib deformity, which is LEAST accurate?

• The surgical procedure is performed on the concave aspect of the affected limb
• Periosteal stripping is considered to be a growth retardation procedure
• The duration of its effect is approximately 60 days
• Over correction of an angular limb deformity des not occur with this surgical procedure
• Surgical implants (screws, cerclage wire, etc) are not used in this surgical procedure

Answer 20

Periosteal stripping is considered to be a growth retardation procedure​

Question 21

Postoperative treatment of foals using HCPTE includes:

• free pasture exerdse because it tends to increase the rate of correction
• confinement
• splint bandaging
• none of the above

Answer 21

confinement