Why were these empires called the Gunpowder Empires?
They were some of the first to employ gunpowder armies en masse, several hundred years before Europe.
Explain the development and spread of “gunpowder”.
It spread on trade routes and the Mongols. Started in China with the song dynasty. Than went to the Middle east 1240s-1280s. Than too mongols in late 1200s. later was used by europeans.
What group of people formed the Qing Dynasty? Which dynasty did the replace?
The Manchus formed it and they replaced the Ming Dynasty.
How did the Qing treat the Chinese people?
They gained there trust by making the frontiers safer, reducing taxes, and restoring prosperity.
How did the Qing feel about Chinese culture? Provide specific examples
The like Chinese culture because they upheld Confucian beliefs and social structures, and they supported the Chinese Arts.
How did the Qing feel about foreign trade?
The Limited Foreign Contact
What did the Qing require of trading countries?
Had to pay tribute to Manchu and follow tradition
Why was art important to the Qing? How did the rulers view art?
Showed royal families in great detail and it told stories of power and influence. Rulers used them for ancestor worship and used them to enhance legitimacy of empire.
Who was the founder of the Mughal Empire?
Babur
Where was the Mughal Empire located?
North India
What religion was the Mughal Empire?
Islam
What was the pinnacle of architecture for the Mughals?
Taj Mahal
What kind of decorations would be used on mosques or mausoleums?
calligraphy, abstracts, Qur’an verses, vegetable motifs.
What was Sikhism?
A religion that blended Islam and Hinduism. They beleived in one God an reincarnation.
How was the Mughal Empire divided? How was it run?
It was divided into provinces called Subahs. They were run by Mansabdars who had different rank that would determine their status, pay, and obligations.
What are zamindars?
Local Hindu leaders that would collect taxes. They kept some of the taxes for themselves
What was the religion of the Safavid?
Muslim
How did this lead to conflicts with neighbors?
The Safavid were Shia and the Ottomans were Sunni. Shi’a believed Muslim leadership should follow Muhammad’s family line. Sunni believed leaders should be chosen from the best of the clans. Shi’a also blamed the Sunni for the assassination of Muhammad’s son-in-law.
What did the empire have to do due to its growing size?
Create a law code, simplify taxes, and reduce government bureaucracy.
How was the Ottoman Empire divided? How was it run?
20,000 slaves of the sultan staffed the palace and were acquired under devshrime system in which boys of conquered territories would be drafted into the army. An elite force of 30,000 soldiers were known as the janissaries, they were loyal to the sultan and could rise to high government or military positions.
What was the tribute system like for the Ottomans?
They used a system called tax farming. Tax farmers would pay a specific tax in advance. In return they could charge a higher amount to the actual taxpayer.
What happened to the Ottoman economy over time?
Money from trade decreased as Europeans started sailing to Africa. This hurt their economy signifigantly.
