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Appendicular Skeleton(Lab) Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

A

The bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb

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2
Q

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Supports movement and connects the limbs to the axial skeleton

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3
Q

What two bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula bone and Clavicle bone

Common names are shoulder blade for scapula and collarbone for clavicle.

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the pectoral girdle?

A

To provide attachment points for muscles and form joints that allow a wide range of upper limb motion.

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5
Q

What shape is the scapula bone?

A

Roughly triangular-shaped.

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6
Q

Name the three borders of the scapula bone.

A
  • Superior border
  • Lateral border
  • Medial border
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7
Q

What are the corners of the scapula triangle called?

A
  • Superior angle
  • Lateral angle
  • Inferior angle
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8
Q

What is the broad, flat surface of the scapula bone called?

A

Scapular body

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9
Q

What is the wide depression on the anterior surface of the scapular body called?

A

Subscapular fossa

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10
Q

What shallow depression on the lateral surface of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus?

A

Glenoid cavity

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11
Q

What joint is formed by the articulation of the glenoid cavity and the head of the humerus?

A

Glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint)

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12
Q

What are the two important superior projections near the glenoid cavity?

A
  • Coracoid process
  • Acromial process
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13
Q

What is the shape of the coracoid process?

A

Crow’s beak-like shape

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14
Q

Which process articulates with the lateral end of the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Acromial process

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15
Q

What prominent ridge on the posterior surface of the scapula can be felt through the skin?

A

Scapular spine

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16
Q

What are the two depressions above and below the scapular spine called?

A
  • Supraspinous fossa (superior to the spine)
  • Infraspinous fossa (inferior to the spine)
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17
Q

What is the clavicle bone?

A

A paired, S-shaped bone that connects the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton

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18
Q

Where does the clavicle bone span between?

A

Between the manubrium of the sternum (medially) and the acromial process of the scapula (laterally)

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19
Q

What is the medial end of the clavicle called?

A

The sternal end

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20
Q

List the features of the sternal end of the clavicle.

A
  • Flat and thicker
  • Articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
  • Forms the sternoclavicular joint
  • Positioned more anteriorly
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21
Q

What is the lateral end of the clavicle called?

A

The acromial end

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22
Q

List the features of the acromial end of the clavicle.

A
  • Rounder and thinner
  • Articulates with the acromial process of the scapula
  • Contributes to the acromioclavicular joint
  • Positioned more posteriorly
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23
Q

From which perspective is the S-shape of the clavicle best appreciated?

A

The superior perspective

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24
Q

True or False: The clavicle appears almost straight from the anterior view.

A

True

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25
What is one of the primary functions of the clavicle?
Acts like a brace, positioning the upper limb away from the thorax
26
What happens when the clavicle is fractured?
The shoulder is often pulled medially and anteriorly due to muscular tension and loss of structural support
27
What is significant about clavicle fractures?
The clavicle is the most commonly fractured bone, especially in falls or contact sports
28
What are the four main regions of the upper limb?
* Arm * Forearm * Wrist * Hand ## Footnote Each region contains specific bones that contribute to the structure and function of the upper limb.
29
What bone is contained in the arm?
Humerus ## Footnote The humerus is the only bone in the upper arm, connecting the shoulder to the elbow.
30
What bones are found in the forearm?
* Radius * Ulna ## Footnote The radius and ulna are the two long bones of the forearm, allowing for a range of motion.
31
What type of bones compose the wrist?
Carpal bones ## Footnote The carpal bones consist of eight small bones that form the wrist joint.
32
What bones are included in the hand?
* Metacarpal bones * Phalanges ## Footnote The metacarpals form the middle part of the hand, while the phalanges are the bones of the fingers.
33
What is the classification of the humerus bone?
Long bone
34
What is the only bone in the arm?
Humerus
35
What joint does the humerus articulate with proximally?
Glenohumeral joint
36
Which bone does the humerus articulate with distally?
Ulna and radius
37
What is another name for the elbow joint?
Cubital joint
38
The humerus articulates with which bone at the glenohumeral joint?
Scapula
39
Fill in the blank: The humerus articulates distally with the _______ and radius bones.
Ulna
40
True or False: The humerus is classified as a short bone.
False
41
What is the Humeral head?
A large rounded structure that fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula bone ## Footnote The Humeral head is essential for shoulder joint function.
42
Where is the Greater tubercle located?
Lateral to the humeral head and lesser tubercle ## Footnote The Greater tubercle serves as an important attachment site for shoulder muscles.
43
What distinguishes the Lesser tubercle?
A smaller, rounded and more anterior projection, medial to the greater tubercle ## Footnote The Lesser tubercle is also an attachment point for muscles.
44
What is the Intertubercular sulcus?
A shallow groove between the tubercles that serves as a passageway for the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle ## Footnote This sulcus plays a role in the biomechanics of the arm.
45
Define the Anatomical Neck of the Humerus.
A narrow groove just below the head of the humerus that marks the boundary between the humeral head and the tubercles; former site of the growth plate ## Footnote The anatomical neck is significant in understanding shoulder anatomy and injuries.
46
What is the Surgical Neck of the Humerus?
The narrowed region just below the tubercles where the shaft begins; a common site of fractures and clinical concern due to nearby nerves and vessels ## Footnote Injuries in this area can have serious implications due to the proximity of the brachial plexus.
47
What is the deltoid tuberosity?
A roughened lateral projection where the deltoid muscle attaches ## Footnote It is located on the humeral shaft (diaphysis).
48
Where is the radial groove found?
On the posterior surface of the humeral shaft ## Footnote It marks the path of the radial nerve.
49
What are the medial and lateral epicondyles?
Small projections located above the condyles, serving as muscle attachment points ## Footnote 'Epi' means above, and 'condyle' refers to a rounded prominence or knuckle-like structure.
50
What is the trochlea?
The medial condyle of the humerus, shaped like a spool, articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna bone ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in elbow joint movement.
51
What is the capitulum?
The lateral condyle of the humerus, ball-shaped, articulates with the head of the radius bone ## Footnote It allows for rotation of the forearm.
52
What is the radial fossa?
A lateral fossa that receives the head of the radius bone during flexion ## Footnote Located on the anterior side of the humerus
53
What is the coronoid fossa?
A medial fossa that receives the coronoid process of the ulna bone during flexion ## Footnote Located on the anterior side of the humerus
54
What is the olecranon fossa?
A deep depression that accommodates the olecranon process of the ulna bone when the elbow is extended ## Footnote Located on the posterior side of the humerus
55
What is 'Pitcher's Elbow'?
A general term that refers to overuse injuries of the elbow in throwing athletes, especially baseball pitchers ## Footnote It highlights the impact of repetitive stress on the elbow joint
56
What is commonly affected in pitcher’s elbow?
Medial epicondyle of the humerus, Ulnar collateral ligament, Coronoid process, Olecranon process
57
What type of stress can lead to UCL injury?
Valgus stress
58
What happens during valgus stress?
The forearm is pushed away from the body while the upper arm stays in place
59
What is medial epicondylitis?
Inflammation at the origin of the forearm flexor tendons
60
What is a common surgical procedure for UCL tears?
Tommy John surgery
61
What does Tommy John surgery involve?
Reconstructing the UCL using a tendon graft
62
Where is the tendon graft for Tommy John surgery often taken from?
Forearm or leg
63
What are the associated injuries of pitcher’s elbow?
Medial epicondylitis, UCL tears, Olecranon apophysitis, Stress fractures
64
Fill in the blank: The UCL can be _______ or torn by repeated outward bending forces at the elbow.
stretched
65
True or False: Olecranon apophysitis is not associated with pitcher’s elbow.
False
66
What are the two bones that compose the forearm?
Radius bone and Ulna bone ## Footnote The radius is on the thumb side, while the ulna is on the pinky side.
67
Which bone is located laterally in the forearm?
Radius bone ## Footnote The radius is found on the thumb side.
68
Which bone is located medially in the forearm?
Ulna bone ## Footnote The ulna is found on the pinky side.
69
Describe the shape of the radius bone.
Narrow proximally and wide distally ## Footnote This is opposite of the ulna bone.
70
Describe the shape of the ulna bone.
Wider proximally and narrower distally ## Footnote This is opposite of the radius bone.
71
What is the large, posterior projection of the ulna bone known as?
Olecranon process ## Footnote This is the part of the ulna bone you feel as the 'elbow bone.'
72
Which part of the ulna articulates with the olecranon fossa?
Olecranon process
73
What is the smaller, pointed anterior projection of the ulna called?
Coronoid process ## Footnote This should not be confused with the coracoid process.
74
Which part of the ulna articulates with the coronoid fossa?
Coronoid process
75
What is the deep, curved notch between the olecranon process and coronoid process called?
Trochlear notch
76
Which structure does the trochlear notch articulate with?
Trochlea of the humerus bone
77
What is the lateral indentation just below the coronoid process known as?
Radial notch
78
With which bone does the radial notch articulate to form the proximal radioulnar joint?
Head of the radius bone
79
Which joint is formed by the articulation of the humerus with the ulna at the radial notch?
Humeroulnar joint
80
Fill in the blank: The olecranon process, coronoid process, and trochlear notch form a clear 'U' shape, which can help you remember '_______ for Ulna bone.'
U
81
What is the structure of the ulnar head?
Rounded structure
82
With which bone does the ulnar head articulate laterally?
Radius bone
83
What joint is formed by the articulation of the ulnar head and the radius?
Distal radioulnar joint
84
What is the ulnar styloid process?
A small, pointed projection on the medial side of the wrist
85
Where is the ulnar styloid process located?
Medial side of the wrist
86
Which bone does the distal end of the ulna articulate with?
Lunate bone of the wrist
87
True or False: The ulnar styloid process is palpable through the skin.
True
88
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the lateral forearm bone.
Radius bone
89
What is the shape of the radial head?
Disc-shaped and flattened.
90
With which structure does the radial head articulate medially?
The radial notch of the ulna bone.
91
What joint is formed at the articulation of the radial head with the radial notch?
Proximal radioulnar joint.
92
Which bone does the radial head articulate with proximally?
The capitulum of the humerus bone.
93
What joint is formed at the articulation of the radial head with the capitulum?
Humeroradial joint.
94
What is the narrow segment just distal to the radial head called?
Radial neck.
95
What is the rough projection just below the radial neck called?
Radial tuberosity.
96
What muscle attaches at the radial tuberosity?
Biceps brachii muscle.
97
What is the ulnar notch?
Medial indentation that receives the ulnar head to form the distal radioulnar joint ## Footnote The ulnar notch is crucial for the articulation between the radius and ulna at the wrist.
98
Which carpal bones does the distal end of the radius articulate with?
Scaphoid bone and lunate bone ## Footnote These bones are essential for wrist movement and stability.
99
What is the radial styloid process?
A pointed projection on the lateral side of the distal radius; palpable on the thumb side of the wrist ## Footnote It serves as an important landmark for anatomical and clinical assessments.
100
What is the interosseous membrane?
A strong sheet of dense regular connective tissue that joins the radius bone and ulna bone along their shafts ## Footnote This structure enhances stability and provides sites for muscle attachment.
101
What function does the interosseous membrane serve?
Provides stability and muscle attachment sites throughout the length of the forearm ## Footnote It plays a critical role in the mechanics of the forearm.
102
What are the two rows of carpal bones in the wrist?
Proximal Row and Distal Row ## Footnote The text only details the Proximal Row; the Distal Row includes the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones.
103
What is the meaning of the term 'Triquetrum'?
'Three-cornered' or 'triangular-shaped' bone ## Footnote The term is derived from Latin: Tri- (three) + quetrum (cornered).
104
Where is the Triquetrum bone located?
On the pinky side ## Footnote It articulates laterally with the hamate and lunate bones.
105
Which bone articulates anteriorly with the Triquetrum bone?
Pisiform bone ## Footnote The pisiform is a small, round bone that sits on top of the triquetrum.
106
What is the meaning of the term 'Pisiform'?
'Pea-shaped' bone ## Footnote The term is derived from Latin: Pisum (pea) + form (shape).
107
What is unique about the Pisiform bone?
It is a sesamoid bone embedded within a tendon ## Footnote It is only visible on the anterior view.
108
What does the term 'Lunate' mean?
'Moon-shaped' or 'crescent-shaped' bone ## Footnote The term is derived from Latin: Luna (moon).
109
Which bones does the Lunate bone articulate with proximally?
Radius and ulna bones ## Footnote It is located on the pinky side.
110
What is the meaning of the term 'Scaphoid'?
'Boat-shaped' bone ## Footnote The term is derived from Greek: Skaphos (boat) + -oid (like).
111
Where is the Scaphoid bone located?
On the thumb side ## Footnote It articulates proximally with the radius bone.
112
Why is the Scaphoid bone important for wrist stability?
It fits neatly against the broad distal end of the radius ## Footnote This configuration is especially important for stability on the thumb side.
113
What is the Latin term for the hamate bone?
Hamatus ## Footnote Meaning: 'Hook-shaped' bone
114
What distinguishes the hamate bone?
Features a prominent hook called the hamulus, visible anteriorly
115
Which metacarpal bones does the hamate bone articulate with?
Metacarpal bones 4 and 5 ## Footnote Associated with the ring and pinky fingers
116
What is a mnemonic to remember the hamate bone?
It's right under your ring finger. If you ‘put a ring on it,’ you’re literally hooked for life.
117
What is the Latin term for the capitate bone?
Caput ## Footnote Meaning: 'Head-shaped' bone
118
What is unique about the capitate bone?
It is the largest carpal bone with a rounded top
119
Which metacarpal bone does the capitate bone articulate with?
Metacarpal bone 3 ## Footnote Associated with the middle phalanx
120
What is a mnemonic to remember the capitate bone?
Think of capital cities, which are usually in the middle of a country.
121
What is the Greek term for the trapezoid bone?
Trapezion ## Footnote Meaning: 'Trapezoid-shaped' bone
122
What is the geometry of the trapezoid bone?
Named for its four-sided, irregular geometry
123
Which metacarpal bone does the trapezoid bone articulate with?
Metacarpal 2 ## Footnote Associated with the index finger
124
What is the Greek term for the trapezium bone?
Trapezion ## Footnote Meaning: Similar to trapezoid, but slightly different in shape
125
Where is the trapezium bone located?
Sits beneath the metacarpal bone 1 ## Footnote Associated with the thumb and involved in its wide range of motion
126
What anatomical position does the thumb have in relation to the pinky?
Lateral ## Footnote Pinky is medial
127
What bones articulate proximally with the radius?
The carpal bones ## Footnote The ulna is indirectly involved via the articular disc.
128
What is another name for the wrist joint?
Radiocarpal joint
129
What do the carpal bones articulate distally with?
The five metacarpal bones
130
What joints are formed by the articulation of the carpal bones with the metacarpal bones?
Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints
131
Each metacarpal bone articulates distally with which bone of a finger?
The proximal phalanx
132
What joints are formed by the articulation of metacarpal bones with proximal phalanges?
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints
133
What is the singular form of phalanges?
Phalanx
134
How many phalanges are there in each hand?
14 phalanges
135
How many phalanges do digits 2 through 5 have each?
Three phalanges each
136
What are the names of the three phalanges in digits 2 through 5?
* Proximal phalanx * Intermediate (middle) phalanx * Distal phalanx
137
How many phalanges does the thumb (pollex) have?
Two phalanges
138
What are the names of the two phalanges in the thumb?
* Proximal phalanx * Distal phalanx
139
What connects the lower limbs to the trunk?
The pelvic girdle ## Footnote The pelvic girdle also supports the pelvic organs and transmits the weight of the upper body to the lower limbs.
140
What are the components that form the pelvis?
The sacrum vertebrae and the pelvic girdle ## Footnote The sacrum is part of the axial skeleton, while the pelvic girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton.
141
How many coxal bones are there?
Two coxal bones ## Footnote These are the left coxal bone and the right coxal bone.
142
What is another name for each hip bone?
Coxal bone ## Footnote The plural form is coxae.
143
What is the plural form of os coxa?
Ossae coxae ## Footnote Os coxa refers to a single hip bone.
144
What are the alternate names for coxal bones?
* Innominate bones * Hemipelvis ## Footnote Hemipelvis has the plural form hemipelves.
145
What forms the bony pelvis?
The sacrum and the two coxal bones ## Footnote The bony pelvis connects the lower limbs to the trunk and supports the organs within the pelvic cavity.
146
True or False: The pelvic girdle is part of the axial skeleton.
False ## Footnote The pelvic girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton.
147
Fill in the blank: The pelvic girdle consists of the _______.
hip bones ## Footnote The hip bones are also referred to as coxal bones.
148
What joint unites the two coxal bones anteriorly?
Pubic symphysis ## Footnote A cartilaginous joint where the two coxal bones meet.
149
Where do the coxal bones articulate posterolaterally?
Sacroiliac joints ## Footnote Each coxal bone articulates with the sacrum vertebrae at these joints.
150
What is the pelvic inlet?
The opening into the true pelvic cavity ## Footnote Formed by the inner rim of the pelvic bones.
151
What is the pelvic brim?
The ridge surrounding the pelvic inlet ## Footnote Marks the boundary between the greater pelvis and lesser pelvis.
152
What defines the greater pelvis?
Region superior to the pelvic inlet ## Footnote Considered part of the lower abdominal cavity.
153
What is the lesser pelvis also known as?
True pelvis ## Footnote The region inferior to the pelvic inlet that contains pelvic organs.
154
What is the pelvic outlet?
The inferior opening of the lesser pelvis ## Footnote Important for understanding the anatomy of the pelvis.
155
Fill in the blank: The pubic symphysis is a _______ joint.
cartilaginous
156
True or False: The pelvic brim distinguishes the greater pelvis from the lesser pelvis.
True
157
What anatomical terms are used to describe the pelvis?
Opening, ridge, region ## Footnote These terms distinguish between physical spaces, boundaries, and compartments.
158
What is the coxal bone formed by?
The fusion of three bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis ## Footnote The bones meet at the acetabulum, forming the hip socket.
159
What is the ilium bone?
The superior portion of the coxal bone; broad and fan-shaped ## Footnote From Latin ilium, meaning flank or groin.
160
What is the primary function of the ilium bone?
Provides the upper structure of the pelvis; attachment point for abdominal and gluteal muscles.
161
What is the ischium bone?
The posteroinferior portion of the coxal bone ## Footnote From Greek ischion, meaning hip joint or socket of the hip.
162
What is the primary function of the ischium bone?
Bears body weight when sitting; contains the ischial tuberosity for muscle attachment.
163
What is the pubis bone?
The anteroinferior portion of the coxal bone ## Footnote Cannot be interchangeably used with the regional term 'pubic.'
164
What does the pubis bone form part of?
The anterior pelvis; meets at the pubic symphysis with the opposite pubis bone.
165
Fill in the blank: The coxal bone consists of the ilium, ischium, and _______.
pubis
166
What is the acetabulum?
The socket for the head of the femur bone, forming the hip joint ## Footnote The term acetabulum comes from Latin, meaning vinegar cup.
167
Where is the acetabulum located?
On the lateral surface of the coxal bone, where the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones converge
168
What is the function of the hip labrum?
Improves the fit of the joint in the acetabulum
169
What does the term 'obturator foramen' refer to?
A large opening formed between the ischium bone and pubis bone
170
What is the Latin origin of the term 'obturator'?
Obturare, meaning to stop up or block
171
What covers most of the obturator foramen?
The obturator membrane and muscles
172
What passes through the obturator foramen?
Small blood vessels and nerves
173
Fill in the blank: The acetabulum contains the _______ which is a fibrocartilage ring.
hip labrum
174
True or False: The obturator foramen is located superior to the acetabulum.
False
175
What are the main components of the pelvis?
The pelvis is composed of the sacrum vertebrae and the pelvic girdle
176
How are the sacrum vertebrae and the pelvic girdle connected?
They are joined together at the sacroiliac joints on each side
177
What are the two coxal bones also known as?
Hemipelvises
178
Where do the two coxal bones join anteriorly?
At the pubic symphysis
179
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
A cartilaginous joint
180
What three bones fuse to form each coxal bone?
* Ilium bone * Ischium bone * Pubis bone
181
Where do the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones fuse?
At the lateral acetabulum
182
What is the function of the acetabulum?
It serves as the socket for the head of the femur bone
183
What forms the superior portion of the pelvis?
Ilium bone ## Footnote The ilium bone is the largest of the three bones in each coxal bone.
184
What is the largest of the three bones in each coxal bone?
Ilium bone ## Footnote It forms the superior portion of the pelvis.
185
What is the main portion of the ilium bone called?
Iliac body ## Footnote The iliac body is the primary structure of the ilium.
186
What is the broad, superior portion of the ilium bone known as?
Ala ## Footnote The ala is the expanded area at the top of the ilium.
187
What feature of the ilium bone is a concave indentation on the medial side of the ala?
Iliac fossa ## Footnote The iliac fossa is important for muscle attachment.
188
What is the superior ridge of the ala called?
Iliac crest ## Footnote The iliac crest is a prominent feature used for hand placement on hips.
189
What is the prominent projection at the front end of the iliac crest?
Anterior superior iliac spine ## Footnote It is a key landmark for anatomical reference.
190
What is located just below the anterior superior iliac spine?
Anterior inferior iliac spine ## Footnote This is another important bony landmark of the ilium.
191
What is the smaller projection at the rear end of the iliac crest called?
Posterior superior iliac spine ## Footnote This landmark is found on the back side of the ilium.
192
What is located just below the posterior superior iliac spine?
Posterior inferior iliac spine ## Footnote This is an important landmark on the ilium.
193
What is the large notch located posteriorly on the ilium that allows passage of the greater sciatic nerve?
Greater sciatic notch ## Footnote This notch is crucial for nerve passage from the pelvis to the thigh.
194
What part of the pelvis does the ischium bone form?
The posteroinferior part of the pelvis.
195
What is the pointed superior projection on the posterior side of the ischium bone called?
Ischial spine.
196
What is located just below the ischial spine?
Lesser sciatic notch.
197
What is the large, rounded inferior projection on the ischium bone commonly referred to as?
Butt bones.
198
What does the ischial tuberosity bear when sitting?
The body’s weight.
199
What is the narrow bony extension on the anterior side of the ischium bone called?
Ischial ramus.
200
To which bone does the ischial ramus connect?
Inferior pubic ramus of the pubis bone.
201
Fill in the blank: The ischial _______ is a deep curve located just below the ischial spine.
sciatic notch
202
True or False: The ischial spine is located on the anterior side of the ischium bone.
False.
203
What forms the anteroinferior portion of the pelvis?
The pubis bone ## Footnote The pubis bone is one of the three bones that make up the pelvis, along with the ilium and ischium.
204
What is the central region of the pubis bone called?
Pubic body ## Footnote The pubic body is an important part of the pubis bone structure.
205
What does the superior pubic ramus connect to?
The ilium bone ## Footnote The superior pubic ramus extends upward to connect with the ilium, which is the largest bone of the pelvis.
206
What does the inferior pubic ramus connect to?
The ischial ramus of the ischium bone ## Footnote The inferior pubic ramus extends downward and connects to the ischium, which is another bone of the pelvis.
207
Where do the left and right pubic bones meet?
At the pubic symphysis ## Footnote The pubic symphysis is a joint that consists of a pad of fibrocartilage.
208
What is the pubic arch?
The angle formed by the meeting of the left and right pubic bones ## Footnote The pubic arch is significant in the study of skeletal remains for determining biological sex.
209
True or False: The pubic symphysis is made of bone.
False ## Footnote The pubic symphysis is made of fibrocartilage, not bone.
210
What anatomical structure is primarily examined to determine biological sex?
Pelvis ## Footnote The pelvis shows distinct structural differences between males and females.
211
What characteristic of the female pelvis accommodates childbirth?
Roomier ## Footnote This feature allows for a wider birth canal.
212
List three features commonly described in relation to the female pelvis.
* Wider * Broader * More open ## Footnote These features contribute to the pelvis's ability to facilitate childbirth.
213
True or False: The female pelvis is typically described as more flexible than the male pelvis.
True ## Footnote Flexibility is an important aspect for accommodating childbirth.
214
Fill in the blank: The female pelvis is often described as ______.
[everted] ## Footnote Everted refers to the outward turning of the pelvic features.
215
What terms are frequently used to refer to female pelvic features?
* Everted * Rounded * Movable ## Footnote These terms highlight the structural differences from the male pelvis.
216
What is the shape of the pelvic inlet in females?
Wider & oval-shaped ## Footnote This shape facilitates childbirth.
217
What is the shape of the pelvic inlet in males?
Narrower & heart-shaped ## Footnote This shape is adapted for bipedal locomotion.
218
Describe the pelvic outlet in females.
Larger & more open ## Footnote This allows for the passage of a baby during delivery.
219
Describe the pelvic outlet in males.
Smaller & more obstructed ## Footnote This structure supports the male reproductive system.
220
What is the angle of the pubic arch in females?
Wider/Broader angle (usually greater than 90°) ## Footnote This facilitates childbirth.
221
What is the angle of the pubic arch in males?
Narrower angle (usually lesser than 90°) ## Footnote This shape supports the male pelvis structure.
222
How do the acetabulae differ between females and males?
Females: Smaller & farther apart; Males: Larger & closer together ## Footnote This affects hip joint stability and function.
223
Where are the ischial spines located in females compared to males?
Females: Farther apart; Males: Closer together ## Footnote This difference impacts the birth canal size.
224
How do the ischial tuberosities differ between females and males?
Females: Everted; Males: Inverted ## Footnote This contributes to the overall shape of the pelvis.
225
Describe the greater sciatic notch in females.
Wider ## Footnote This is important for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.
226
Describe the greater sciatic notch in males.
Narrower ## Footnote This affects the pelvic inlet and outlet dimensions.
227
How do the sacrum vertebrae differ between females and males?
Females: Shorter, wider, curved posteriorly; Males: Longer, narrower, & more curved anteriorly ## Footnote This affects pelvic shape and childbirth.
228
How do the coccyx vertebrae differ between females and males?
Females: Straighter, more flexible/movable; Males: Curves more anteriorly, less flexible/movable ## Footnote This flexibility is important during labor.
229
What is the overall bone thickness in females compared to males?
Females: Lighter & thinner; Males: Heavier & thicker ## Footnote This difference is related to muscle attachment and function.
230
What are the major regions of the lower limb?
Thigh, Patella, Leg, Ankle, Foot ## Footnote Each region plays a specific role in movement and support.
231
What is contained within the thigh region?
The femur bone ## Footnote The femur is the longest and strongest bone in the body.
232
What is the common name for the patella bone?
Kneecap ## Footnote The patella is the largest sesamoid bone embedded within the quadriceps tendon.
233
What bones are found in the leg region?
Tibia bone and fibula bone ## Footnote These bones connect the knee to the ankle.
234
What composes the ankle?
Tarsal bones ## Footnote Tarsal bones form the joint between the leg and foot.
235
What bones are included in the foot?
Metatarsal bones and phalanges ## Footnote These bones form the sole, arch, and toes.
236
What is unique about the femur bone?
It is the only bone in the thigh region and the longest and largest bone in the human body. ## Footnote The femur supports the weight of the body during standing, walking, and running.
237
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the longest and largest bone in the human body.
femur
238
True or False: The patella is a small bone located in the leg.
False ## Footnote The patella is the largest sesamoid bone located in the knee.
239
What is the rounded structure that articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint?
Femoral head
240
What is the small pit in the center of the femoral head called?
Fovea capitis
241
What does the term 'fovea' translate to?
Pit
242
What does the term 'capitis' translate to?
Head
243
What is the attachment point for the ligamentum teres?
Fovea capitis
244
What is the role of the ligamentum teres?
Connects the femoral head to the acetabulum and plays a crucial role in hip stability
245
What can happen if the ligamentum teres is injured or torn?
Causes pain, instability, and clicking or locking sensation
246
What connects the femoral head to the femoral shaft?
Femoral neck
247
What is the weakest part of the femur and most common site of fracture?
Femoral neck
248
What is the large anterolateral projection for muscle attachment called?
Greater trochanter
249
What does the term 'trochanter' translate to?
To run
250
What is the smaller posteromedial projection for muscle attachment called?
Lesser trochanter
251
What is the thin anterior ridge between the greater and lesser trochanters called?
Intertrochanteric line
252
What is the thicker posterior ridge located in the same area as the intertrochanteric line called?
Intertrochanteric crest
253
What is the diaphysis of the femur?
The femoral shaft
254
What features are seen posteriorly on the femoral shaft?
* Gluteal tuberosity * V-shaped roughened area on the proximal shaft * Linea aspera * Medial and lateral supracondylar lines
255
What is the function of the gluteal tuberosity?
Serves as the attachment site for the gluteus maximus muscle
256
What is the linea aspera?
A prominent longitudinal ridge running along the posterior surface of the shaft
257
What does the linea aspera provide?
Multiple muscle attachment points
258
Where are the medial and lateral supracondylar lines located?
Near the distal shaft, where the linea aspera splits like a V-shape
259
What is the function of the medial and lateral supracondylar lines?
Serve as attachment points for the hamstring muscles
260
What is the distal epiphysis?
The end part of a long bone that is farthest from the trunk of the body.
261
What are medial and lateral epicondyles?
Small projections on the outer sides of the distal femur that serve as attachment sites for ligaments and muscles.
262
Where are the medial and lateral epicondyles located?
Located above the condyles of the femur.
263
What does the prefix 'epi-' mean?
Above.
264
What are medial and lateral femoral condyles?
Large, rounded structures that articulate with the tibia bone to form the knee joint.
265
What is the intercondylar fossa?
A posterior depression located between the two condyles that provides space for ligaments stabilizing the knee joint.
266
What does the prefix 'inter-' mean?
In-between.
267
What is the popliteal fossa?
A shallow depression above the intercondylar fossa that serves as a passageway for a major artery, vein, and nerve behind the knee.
268
What is the patellar surface?
The smooth anterior surface of the distal femur that articulates with the patella bone.
269
What is the proximal epiphysis?
The proximal epiphysis is the end part of a long bone, typically involved in joint articulation.
270
What is the tibial plateau?
The flattened articular surface at the top of the tibia bone ## Footnote Includes the medial and lateral tibial condyles, which articulate with the condyles of the femur bone.
271
What does the term plateau translate to?
Flat or level.
272
What is the intercondylar eminence?
A raised ridge between the condyles ## Footnote Serves as an attachment point for ligaments within the knee joint.
273
What does the term eminence translate to?
Standing out.
274
What is the tibial tuberosity?
A rough projection on the anterior surface just below the condyles ## Footnote Serves as the insertion site for the patellar ligament.
275
What is the term for the sharp ridge running along the anterior surface of the shaft?
Anterior crest ## Footnote Commonly known as the shin
276
What is the function of the anterior crest?
Serves as a landmark and provides surface area for muscle attachment.
277
What does the distal epiphysis articulate with?
Articulates with the talus bone.
278
What joint is formed by the distal epiphysis?
Talocrural joint.
279
What is the prominent medial projection at the ankle called?
Medial malleolus.
280
What is the plural form of malleolus?
Malleoli.
281
What is another name for the medial malleolus?
Medial ankle bone.
282
What does the term malleolus translate to?
Hammer.
283
What is the fibula bone?
The lateral and thinner of the two leg bones
284
What role does the fibula bone play in the body?
Provides muscle attachment sites and contributes to ankle joint stability
285
What is the fibular head?
A quadrate-shaped structure that does not articulate with the femur bone
286
Which bone does the fibular head articulate with?
Articulates with the tibia bone at the proximal tibiofibular joint
287
Describe the diaphysis of the fibula.
The shaft is long and slender and serves as an attachment point for several leg muscles
288
How is the fibula connected to the tibia?
Connected to the tibia bone along its length by the interosseous membrane
289
What is the distal epiphysis of the fibula known as?
Lateral malleolus
290
What is the shape of the lateral malleolus?
A pyramidal projection at the distal end
291
What does the lateral malleolus articulate with?
Articulates with the talus bone to help form the ankle joint
292
What is the proximal tibiofibular joint?
Formed by the articulation between the fibular head and the lateral side of the tibia bone ## Footnote This joint allows for slight movement between the tibia and fibula.
293
What is the distal tibiofibular joint?
Formed by the articulation between the distal tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula ## Footnote This joint is important for ankle stability.
294
What is the interosseous membrane?
A strong sheet of connective tissue connecting the shafts of both bones ## Footnote It provides stability and serves as a muscle attachment surface.
295
Fill in the blank: The proximal tibiofibular joint is formed by the articulation between the fibular head and the _______ side of the tibia bone.
lateral
296
True or False: The interosseous membrane connects the ends of the tibia and fibula.
False ## Footnote It connects the shafts of both bones.
297
What are the functions of the interosseous membrane?
Provides stability and muscle attachment surface ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in the biomechanics of the lower leg.
298
What are the tarsal bones?
Seven short bones that make up the ankle region of the lower limb
299
What is the primary function of the tarsal bones?
Support body weight, allow movement at the ankle joint, and form the posterior portion of the foot
300
What is the largest tarsal bone?
Calcaneus bone
301
What is commonly referred to as the heel bone?
Calcaneus bone
302
What serves as the attachment point for the Achilles tendon?
Calcaneus bone
303
What does the term 'calcaneus' mean in Latin?
Heel
304
Where does the talus bone rest?
On top of the calcaneus bone
305
With which bones does the talus articulate superiorly?
Tibia bone and fibula bone
306
What bone does the talus articulate distally with?
Navicular bone
307
What does the term 'talus' mean in Latin?
Ankle or ankle bone
308
What is the role of the talus in the ankle joint?
Keystone of the ankle joint
309
What shape does the navicular bone resemble?
Boat-like
310
What does the name 'navicular' come from in Latin?
Navis, meaning 'ship'
311
How many cuneiform bones are there?
Three
312
List the three cuneiform bones from medial to lateral.
* Medial cuneiform bone * Intermediate cuneiform bone * Lateral cuneiform bone
313
What does the term 'cuneiform' mean in Latin?
Wedge
314
What do the cuneiform bones articulate with?
First through third metatarsal bones
315
Where is the cuboid bone located?
Lateral to the lateral cuneiform bone
316
What bones does the cuboid bone articulate with?
Fourth and fifth metatarsal bones
317
What does the term 'cuboid' mean in Latin?
Cube-like
318
What do the tarsal bones articulate distally with?
Five metatarsal bones ## Footnote The metatarsal bones form the body of the foot.
319
Where are sesamoid bones commonly found in the foot?
At the head of the first metatarsal bone ## Footnote These bones are often embedded in tendons.
320
What is the primary function of sesamoid bones?
To reduce friction and increase leverage for tendons ## Footnote This occurs at the base of the hallux.
321
How many phalanges does each foot contain?
14 phalanges ## Footnote This is the same number of phalanges as found in the hand.
322
How many phalanges do digits 2 through 5 have each?
Three phalanges each ## Footnote The three phalanges include proximal, intermediate, and distal phalanges.
323
How many phalanges does the hallux have?
Two phalanges ## Footnote The two phalanges are proximal and distal.
324
What does the word 'phalanx' originate from?
Greek ## Footnote It originally described a line of soldiers or a compact formation, reflecting how the bones align.
325
What are the names of the phalanges in digits 2 through 5?
* Proximal phalanx * Intermediate (middle) phalanx * Distal phalanx ## Footnote Each of these digits contains these three types of phalanges.
326
Fill in the blank: The hallux has a _______ phalanx and a _______ phalanx.
* Proximal phalanx * Distal phalanx
327
What are the two types of arches in the foot?
Longitudinal and transverse arches.
328
From which view are the foot arches visible?
Inferior view.
329
What is the primary function of the foot arches?
Weight distribution and shock absorption.
330
What does a normal arch allow for during standing?
Balanced support with heel, lateral edge, and ball of the foot contacting the ground.
331
What condition is referred to as flat foot?
Pes planus.
332
What happens to the sole of the foot in flat foot?
The entire sole touches the ground.
333
What are the consequences of flat foot?
Foot fatigue, poor alignment, and excess stress on ankles, knees, and hips.
334
What is the opposite condition of flat foot?
High arch (pes cavus).
335
In high arch, how does the middle of the foot interact with the ground?
Barely contacts the ground.
336
What issues can arise from having a high arch?
Poor shock absorption, instability, and concentrated pressure on the heel and ball of the foot.
337
How do different arch types affect posture and gait?
They affect posture, gait, and weight distribution differently.
338
Fill in the blank: A normal arch allows for _______ movement and even force transfer across the foot.
[efficient]
339
True or False: A high arch provides better shock absorption than a normal arch.
False.
340
Where is the talus located in the foot?
In the middle of the foot
341
Why does the talus need to sit directly under the tibia and fibula?
To properly support and transfer the body’s weight from the leg to the foot
342
What joint does the talus help to form?
The ankle joint
343
Which bones does the talus connect with?
* Calcaneus below * Navicular in front
344
Why is the talus aligned in the center of the foot?
To act as the main weight bearing bridge
345
What would happen if the talus were located in the back of the foot?
Body weight would not transfer straight down from the leg
346
What is the consequence of improper weight transfer due to the talus's position?
It would throw off balance and make walking unstable and less efficient
347
What is the talus often referred to as due to its role in the ankle?
The 'keystone' of the ankle
348
What analogy is used to describe the role of the talus?
Like the center stone in an arch that holds everything together
349
Which bones surround the talus?
* Above: Tibia and fibula * Below: Calcaneus * In front: Navicular
350
What type of structure do the bones surrounding the talus form?
A tight, interlocking structure
351
What does the structure formed by the surrounding bones support?
Upright posture and movement
A&P
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