A&P > Ch.6 Integument > Flashcards

Ch.6 Integument Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the integumentary system composed of?

A

The integumentary system is composed of:
* The skin
* Hair
* Nails
* Associated exocrine glands

The integumentary system plays a crucial role in protecting the body and regulating various physiological processes.

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

A

Protection of internal organs

The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands.

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3
Q

Name three additional functions of the integumentary system.

A
  • Sensory function
  • Thermoregulation
  • Vitamin D synthesis

These functions contribute to overall homeostasis and health.

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4
Q

True or False: The integumentary system only serves to protect internal organs.

A

False

The integumentary system has multiple functions beyond protection.

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5
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer)

These layers serve different functions, including protection, sensation, and thermoregulation.

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6
Q

What connects the skin to underlying muscle?

A

Fascia

Fascia is a connective tissue that plays a key role in supporting and structuring the body.

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7
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the skin?

A

Epidermis

The epidermis is the outermost layer that provides a barrier to environmental damage.

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8
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis made of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

This type of epithelium helps in protection and prevents water loss.

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9
Q

Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

The epidermis does not contain blood vessels; it relies on diffusion for nutrient and oxygen supply.

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10
Q

How many layers does the epidermis contain in thick skin?

A

Five layers

Thick skin is found on the palms of hands and soles of feet.

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11
Q

How many layers does the epidermis contain in thin skin?

A

Four layers

Thin skin is found in all other locations of the body.

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12
Q

How many layers are there in the epidermis?

A

Four to five layers.

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13
Q

What is present in thick skin that is not in thin skin?

A

One additional layer.

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14
Q

Where are cells produced in the epidermis?

A

In the deepest layer.

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15
Q

What happens to cells as they migrate from the deepest layer?

A

They move to the superficial layer.

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16
Q

What are mature cells in the epidermis called?

A

Keratinocytes.

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17
Q

What substance makes cells tough and water-resistant?

A

Keratin.

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18
Q

What is keratin?

A

An intracellular fibrous protein made of long alpha helices

Keratin is produced by keratinocytes and is essential for the structure of hair, nails, and skin.

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19
Q

What are the primary functions of keratin?

A

Gives hair, nails, and skin hardness and water-resistance

Keratin’s properties contribute to the durability and protective qualities of these tissues.

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20
Q

What is the main component of hair shafts?

A

Keratin

Keratin forms the structural foundation of hair, making it strong and resilient.

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21
Q

Keratin is produced by _______.

A

keratinocytes

Keratinocytes are specialized cells in the epidermis responsible for the production of keratin.

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22
Q

What is the outermost layer of the skin?

A

Stratum corneum

The stratum corneum is composed of dead keratinized cells that provide a protective barrier.

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23
Q

What layer of the skin is characterized by granules of keratohyalin?

A

Stratum granulosum

This layer is involved in the process of keratinization and contributes to the skin’s waterproof barrier.

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24
Q

Which layer of the skin is known for its spiny appearance due to desmosomal connections?

A

Stratum spinosum

The stratum spinosum contains keratinocytes and provides strength and flexibility to the skin.

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25
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis called?
Stratum basale ## Footnote The stratum basale is responsible for the generation of new skin cells through mitosis.
26
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale ## Footnote The stratum basale is the innermost layer of the epidermis.
27
How many layers of cells are in the stratum basale?
Single layer of cells
28
What is the primary function of the cells in the stratum basale?
Actively divide to replace cells in superficial layers
29
What type of cells are found in the stratum basale that act as sensory receptors?
Merkel cells
30
What is the function of Merkel cells?
Used for discriminatory touch
31
What type of cells in the stratum basale produce melanin?
Melanocytes
32
What is the role of melanin produced by melanocytes?
Protect cells from UV radiation
33
What is the primary function of melanin?
Produce melanin that protects cells from UV radiation ## Footnote Melanin plays a crucial role in absorbing harmful UV radiation and reducing the risk of skin damage.
34
What are the two forms of melanin?
* Eumelanin – black and brown pigment * Pheomelanin – reddish pigment ## Footnote Eumelanin is responsible for darker skin tones, while pheomelanin contributes to lighter skin tones.
35
Do all humans have similar concentrations of melanocytes?
Yes, all humans have similar concentration of melanocytes ## Footnote Despite similar concentrations, the activity and distribution of melanocytes lead to different skin tones.
36
What leads to different skin tones among humans?
Activity of melanocytes ## Footnote The varying activity levels of melanocytes in producing melanin determine the diversity in skin color.
37
What is the thickness of the Stratum Spinosum?
Eight to ten cell layers thick
38
What shape are keratinocytes in the Stratum Spinosum?
Shaped like footballs
39
What feature of the Stratum Spinosum gives it its name?
Pointed ends that look like spines
40
What type of cells provide immune protection in the Stratum Spinosum?
Langerhans (dendritic) cells
41
What happens to cells in the Stratum Spinosum?
Cells are continually pushed toward the stratum granulosum
42
What is the Stratum Granulosum named for?
Its granular appearance
43
What happens to cells in the Stratum Granulosum?
They begin to flatten and accumulate more keratin
44
Can melanin travel to cells within the Stratum Granulosum?
Yes
45
What are melanin-containing structures called?
Melanosomes
46
What occurs to the cells at the most superficial layers of the Stratum Granulosum?
Cells begin to die
47
What is the Stratum Lucidum?
A layer of the skin only found in thick skin.
48
Where is the Stratum Lucidum located?
In the palms and soles of feet.
49
What type of cells compose the Stratum Lucidum?
Tightly packed, dead keratinocytes.
50
What do the cells in the Stratum Lucidum contain?
Eleidin.
51
What is the function of eleidin?
It functions as a water barrier.
52
What covers most of the body?
Thin skin ## Footnote Thin skin has four layers of epidermis.
53
How many layers of epidermis does thin skin have?
Four layers ## Footnote Thin skin is characterized by its four layers.
54
Where is thick skin found?
On the soles of the feet and palms of the hands ## Footnote Thick skin is specifically located in areas requiring more protection.
55
How many layers of epidermis does thick skin have?
Five layers ## Footnote Thick skin consists of five layers of epidermis.
56
What additional layer is present in thick skin but not in thin skin?
Stratum lucidum ## Footnote The stratum lucidum is an additional layer found in thick skin.
57
Does thick skin contain a higher or lower number of sensory receptors compared to thin skin?
Higher number ## Footnote Thick skin has a greater concentration of sensory receptors.
58
What are Dermal Papillae?
Fingerlike projections of the dermis into the epidermis
59
What is the function of Dermal Papillae?
Helps to anchor the epidermis to the dermis
60
What do Dermal Papillae prevent?
Prevents the two layers from separating
61
What are Dermal Papillae noticeable as?
Noticeable as fingerprints
62
What lies deep to the epidermis?
Dermis ## Footnote The dermis is a layer of skin located beneath the outer epidermis.
63
What forms projections that extend into the epidermis?
Dermis ## Footnote These projections help anchor the dermis to the epidermis.
64
What is the primary composition of the dermis?
Connective tissue ## Footnote The dermis is primarily made up of connective tissue, providing structural support.
65
List three components found in the dermis.
* Blood vessels * Hair follicles * Glands ## Footnote These components play various roles in skin function and health.
66
What functions does the dermis provide to the epidermis?
* Nutrients * Strength * Elasticity ## Footnote The dermis supports the epidermis in multiple ways, ensuring skin health and resilience.
67
What do collagen fibers provide in the dermis?
Strength and structure ## Footnote Collagen fibers are essential for maintaining the integrity and resilience of skin.
68
What do elastic fibers provide in the dermis?
Elasticity ## Footnote Elastic fibers allow skin to stretch and return to its original shape.
69
What are the two layers of the dermis?
* Papillary layer * Reticular layer ## Footnote The papillary layer is more superficial, while the reticular layer is deeper.
70
Which layer of the dermis is the more superficial layer?
Papillary layer ## Footnote The papillary layer contains small blood vessels and nerve endings.
71
Which layer of the dermis is the deeper layer?
Reticular layer ## Footnote The reticular layer is thicker and contains larger blood vessels and denser collagen fibers.
72
What is the papillary layer?
Superficial layer of the dermis
73
What type of connective tissue composes the papillary layer?
Loose areolar connective tissue
74
What do dermal papillae project into?
Stratum basale of the epidermis
75
What structures are contained within dermal papillae?
* Blood vessels * Nerve fibers * Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
76
What is the function of tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles?
Used to detect light pressure
77
What is the reticular layer?
Deeper layer of the dermis
78
How does the thickness of the reticular layer compare to the papillary layer?
Much thicker than papillary layer
79
What type of tissue is the reticular layer made of?
Dense irregular connective tissue
80
What structures are contained within the reticular layer?
* Hair follicles * Blood vessels * Nerves
81
What are Pacinian corpuscles?
Cells that sense deep pressure
82
What is another name for the hypodermis?
Subcutaneous layer ## Footnote The hypodermis is also referred to as the subcutaneous layer.
83
Where does the hypodermis lie in relation to the dermis?
Deep to the dermis ## Footnote The hypodermis is located beneath the dermis layer of the skin.
84
What types of tissue compose the hypodermis?
Adipose and loose areolar connective tissue ## Footnote The hypodermis consists of both adipose tissue and loose areolar connective tissue.
85
What are the primary functions of the hypodermis?
Provides insulation and cushioning ## Footnote The hypodermis helps to insulate the body and provides cushioning against external forces.
86
Is the hypodermis highly vascularized?
Yes ## Footnote The hypodermis contains many blood vessels, making it highly vascularized.
87
What type of fat is contained in the hypodermis of infants?
Brown fat ## Footnote Infants have brown fat within the hypodermis, which aids in thermoregulation.
88
What role does the hypodermis play in thermoregulation for infants?
Aids in thermoregulation ## Footnote The presence of brown fat in the hypodermis helps infants maintain their body temperature.
89
Where is hair found on the body?
Most body surfaces, except palms of hands and soles of feet
90
What type of cells is hair composed of?
Dead, keratinized cells from epidermis
91
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum
92
What is the function of arrector pili muscles?
Contract to make hair 'stand up'
93
Fill in the blank: Hair is composed of _______ cells.
keratinized
94
True or False: Hair is found on the palms of hands.
False
95
List structures associated with hair.
* Sebaceous (oil) glands * Arrector pili muscles
96
What is the hair root?
The portion of hair located between the bulb and the shaft ## Footnote The hair root is essential for anchoring the hair in the follicle.
97
What is the hair shaft?
The visible portion of hair above the skin ## Footnote The hair shaft is what we typically see and style.
98
What is the medulla in hair anatomy?
The center of the hair shaft ## Footnote The medulla is often absent in finer hair types.
99
What surrounds the medulla in hair structure?
The cortex ## Footnote The cortex provides strength and elasticity to the hair.
100
What is the cuticle in hair anatomy?
The outermost layer that surrounds the cortex ## Footnote The cuticle protects the inner layers of the hair.
101
What is the function of the hair papilla?
It provides blood supply to the hair follicle ## Footnote The hair papilla is crucial for hair growth and nourishment.
102
What is the hair bulb?
The deepest portion of the hair follicle ## Footnote The hair bulb is where hair growth begins.
103
List the components of hair from deep to superficial.
* Hair papilla * Hair bulb * Hair root * Hair shaft * Medulla * Cortex * Cuticle ## Footnote This order helps understand the structure and function of hair.
104
Is hair growth continuous?
No, hair growth is not continuous.
105
What do hair follicles alternate between?
Growth and rest cycles.
106
What happens to old hair during new growth?
New growth pushes old hair out of the follicle.
107
What are nails composed of?
Keratinized epidermal cells ## Footnote Nails are made primarily of keratin, a protein that provides strength and resilience.
108
What is the living component of the nail called?
Nail bed ## Footnote The nail bed supports the nail and contains living cells that contribute to nail growth.
109
What does the nail bed produce?
Nail body ## Footnote The nail body is the visible part of the nail that is hard and protects the underlying tissues.
110
What is the visible hard portion of the nail referred to as?
Nail body ## Footnote The nail body is what is typically seen and is often painted or adorned.
111
Where is the nail root located?
Proximal side of nail body ## Footnote The nail root is the part of the nail that is not visible and is embedded in the skin.
112
What is the thin layer of skin at the base of the nail called?
Nail cuticle (eponychium) ## Footnote The cuticle protects the area between the skin and the nail from infection.
113
What is the crescent-shaped region of the nail bed known as?
Lunula ## Footnote The lunula is the visible part of the nail matrix and is often lighter in color than the rest of the nail.
114
What are sweat glands also known as?
Sudoriferous glands ## Footnote The term 'sudoriferous' comes from Latin, meaning 'sweat-bearing'.
115
What is the primary function of sweat glands?
To aid in temperature regulation ## Footnote Sweating helps cool the body through evaporation.
116
Name the two types of sweat glands.
* Eccrine sweat glands * Apocrine sweat glands
117
What are eccrine sweat glands?
Sweat glands found all over the body ## Footnote Eccrine sweat glands are responsible for producing sweat that is less viscous and plays a key role in thermoregulation.
118
What is the role of eccrine sweat glands?
Involved in thermoregulation ## Footnote Eccrine sweat glands help to regulate body temperature through the process of sweating.
119
Where are apocrine sweat glands primarily located?
Found in groin and axilla (armpit) ## Footnote Apocrine sweat glands are located in specific areas of the body, contributing to their unique functions.
120
What type of secretion do apocrine sweat glands produce?
More viscous secretion ## Footnote The secretion from apocrine sweat glands is thicker and can have different properties compared to eccrine sweat.
121
What is a potential function of apocrine sweat glands?
May be involved in pheromone release ## Footnote Apocrine sweat glands could play a role in the release of pheromones, which are chemicals that influence social behavior.
122
True or False: Eccrine sweat glands produce more viscous sweat than apocrine sweat glands.
False ## Footnote Eccrine sweat glands produce less viscous sweat compared to the more viscous secretion of apocrine sweat glands.
123
What are sebaceous glands usually associated with?
Hair follicles
124
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
An oily mixture called sebum
125
What is the function of sebum?
Lubricate and waterproof skin
126
What stimulates the secretion of sebum?
Hormones released during puberty
127
What leads to the blockage of hair follicles in acne?
Accumulation of sebum, keratin, and dead cells ## Footnote These components can clog the hair follicle, leading to acne.
128
What do bacteria feed on to grow in the context of acne?
Sebum and sweat ## Footnote Bacteria utilize these substances as nutrients, contributing to acne development.
129
What is the inflammation of the skin associated with acne called?
Acne ## Footnote This inflammation results from various factors, including bacterial growth and blockage of follicles.
130
What substances protect against water loss in the skin?
Keratin, sebum, and glycolipids ## Footnote These substances form a barrier that minimizes transepidermal water loss.
131
What role does dermcidin play in the skin's protective function?
Dermcidin in sweat protects against microbes ## Footnote Dermcidin is an antimicrobial peptide that helps to prevent infections.
132
Which immune cells contribute to skin protection?
Macrophages ## Footnote Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris and pathogens.
133
What pigment in the skin provides protection against UV radiation?
Melanin ## Footnote Melanin absorbs harmful UV rays and reduces the risk of skin damage.
134
What types of sensory receptors are found in the skin?
Different types including Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors ## Footnote Meissner’s corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles are responsible for tactile sensations.
135
What sensations do Meissner’s corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles detect?
Tactile sensations including touch, pressure, vibration, and tickle ## Footnote These receptors are specialized for different aspects of touch.
136
What do thermoreceptors in the skin detect?
Warm and cool sensations ## Footnote Thermoreceptors are sensitive to temperature changes.
137
What is the function of nociceptors?
Detect pain ## Footnote Nociceptors respond to potentially harmful stimuli.
138
Fill in the blank: The skin contains different types of sensory receptors found in various _______.
layers
139
What do thermoreceptors detect?
Heat or cold ## Footnote Thermoreceptors are specialized sensory receptors that respond to temperature changes.
140
What is the function of nociceptors?
Detect pain ## Footnote Nociceptors are sensory receptors that respond to potentially harmful stimuli, signaling pain.
141
What do tactile corpuscles detect?
Touch ## Footnote Tactile corpuscles, also known as Meissner's corpuscles, are sensitive to light touch.
142
What is the role of lamellated corpuscles?
Detect pressure and vibration ## Footnote Lamellated corpuscles, or Pacinian corpuscles, are sensitive to deep pressure and high-frequency vibration.
143
What is the role of sweat in thermoregulation?
Sweat helps keep the body cool ## Footnote Sweat evaporates, which cools the skin and helps regulate body temperature.
144
How does increased blood flow to the skin affect thermoregulation?
Increased blood flow to the skin cools the body ## Footnote This process allows heat to dissipate from the blood to the environment.
145
What activates the precursor molecule to initiate vitamin D synthesis?
Ultraviolet (UV) rays ## Footnote UV rays are essential for the chemical reaction that produces vitamin D in the skin.
146
What role does vitamin D play in the body?
Aids in the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract ## Footnote This is crucial for maintaining bone health and density.
147
What are two functions of vitamin D?
* Bone growth * Immune function ## Footnote Vitamin D is essential for overall health, influencing both skeletal and immune systems.
148
Fill in the blank: Ultraviolet (UV) rays activate the precursor molecule to initiate _______.
vitamin D synthesis ## Footnote This process is vital for producing vitamin D in the skin.
149
True or False: Vitamin D is only necessary for bone growth.
False ## Footnote Vitamin D is also crucial for immune function.
150
What is Rickets?
Misshaped bones due to calcium deficiency in children ## Footnote Rickets primarily affects bone development in children.
151
What causes the weakness of bones in Rickets?
Lack of calcium ## Footnote Calcium is essential for strong bone formation.
152
What condition may Rickets develop into in adults?
Osteomalacia ## Footnote Osteomalacia is characterized by softening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency.
153
What causes burns?
Burns occur when damage is caused by heat, radiation, electricity, or chemicals. ## Footnote Burns can result from various sources, including fire, hot surfaces, and chemical exposure.
154
What happens to skin cells when a burn occurs?
Skin cells die and can be replaced. ## Footnote The body has mechanisms to regenerate skin cells after burns, depending on the severity.
155
What are the different categories of burns?
The different categories of burns are: * First-degree burns * Second-degree burns * Third-degree burns ## Footnote Each category varies in severity and depth of skin affected.
156
What do first-degree burns affect?
First-degree burns only affect the epidermis. ## Footnote These burns typically result in redness and minor pain.
157
What do second-degree burns affect?
Second-degree burns affect the epidermis and dermis. ## Footnote These burns can cause blisters and more intense pain.
158
What do third-degree burns affect?
Third-degree burns affect the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. ## Footnote These burns can result in severe damage and may require skin grafts.
159
What is the first step in the wound healing process?
Blood clotting ## Footnote Blood clotting is essential to prevent further bleeding and starts the healing process.
160
What do fibroblasts produce during wound healing?
New collagen (granulation tissue) ## Footnote Fibroblasts play a crucial role in the formation of granulation tissue which helps in wound healing.
161
What is the third step in the wound healing process?
Regeneration of epidermis ## Footnote This step involves the restoration of the outer skin layer after injury.
162
True or False: A scar may form after healing.
True ## Footnote Scarring is a common outcome after the wound healing process, depending on the severity of the wound.
163
Fill in the blank: The wound healing process is a _______ process.
Multi-step ## Footnote The multi-step nature of wound healing includes various biological processes necessary for recovery.
164
What is skin cancer associated with?
Overexposure to UV radiation ## Footnote UV radiation is a significant risk factor for developing skin cancer.
165
What does UV radiation cause that increases cancer risk?
Mutations in DNA ## Footnote These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth.
166
What varies depending on the cell where the cancer originated?
Types of skin cancers ## Footnote The characteristics and treatment can differ based on the originating cell type.
167
What are the three forms of skin cancer?
* Basal cell carcinoma * Squamous cell carcinoma * Melanoma
168
Basal cell carcinoma is caused by which cells?
Cells of stratum basale ## Footnote These are the deepest layer of the epidermis.
169
Squamous cell carcinoma is caused by which type of cells?
Keratinocytes of stratum spinosum ## Footnote These cells are found in the upper layers of the epidermis.
170
Melanoma is caused by which cells?
Melanocytes ## Footnote Melanocytes are responsible for pigment production in the skin.
171
What type of cells does Basal Cell Carcinoma affect?
Cells of stratum basale
172
What is the most common cancer in the United States?
Basal Cell Carcinoma
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