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Practical Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the effect of the antibodies attacking ACh receptors in Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Fewer receptors are available to receive the nerve signal, resulting in weakened muscle activation

This leads to significant muscle weakness.

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2
Q
  • Muscle weakness that worsens with activity
  • Often affects the eyes, face, and throat muscles

Symptoms can vary in severity and may fluctuate throughout the day.

A

What are the symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?

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3
Q

Toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum

Botulism is a serious illness caused by a potent neurotoxin.

A

What is the cause of Botulism?

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4
Q

The toxin blocks the release of ACh from the motor neuron

ACh (acetylcholine) is essential for muscle contraction.

A

What happens in the body during Botulism?

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5
Q

The muscle receives no signal and cannot contract, leading to flaccid paralysis

Flaccid paralysis is characterized by weakness and reduced muscle tone.

A

What is the effect of Botulism on muscles?

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6
Q

Starts with facial muscle weakness, can progress to difficulty breathing

Symptoms can escalate quickly and require immediate medical attention.

A

What are the initial symptoms of Botulism?

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7
Q

Toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani

Tetanus is often associated with wounds contaminated by soil.

A

What is the cause of Tetanus?

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8
Q

The toxin blocks inhibitory neurons in the central nervous system

Inhibitory neurons help regulate muscle contractions.

A

What happens in the body during Tetanus?

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9
Q

Without inhibition, ACh release becomes unchecked, causing constant muscle stimulation

This leads to severe muscle contractions.

A

What is the effect of Tetanus on muscle stimulation?

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10
Q
  • Muscle rigidity
  • Spasms
  • Lockjaw
  • Stiff arched posture

Symptoms can be severe and require urgent medical intervention.

A

What are the symptoms of Tetanus?

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11
Q

Central nervous system, leading to overstimulation at the NMJ

NMJ stands for neuromuscular junction, where nerves connect with muscles.

A

Where does the disruption occur in Tetanus?

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12
Q

The nerve (neuro-) cell body (-soma) and control center

Neurosoma is essential for the functioning of nerve cells.

A

What is the definition of Neurosoma?

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13
Q

Dark staining regions made up of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes

Unique to neurons, which helps in identifying them easily.

A

What are Nissl Bodies?

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14
Q

The cytoplasm of the axon

Axoplasm is essential for the function and maintenance of the axon.

A

What is Axoplasm?

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15
Q

The membrane of the axon

The axolemma plays a crucial role in the transmission of electrical signals.

A

What does Axolemma refer to?

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16
Q

A mound where the axon originates, wide coming from the neurosoma and narrows down as it approaches the initial segment of the axon

The axon hillock is critical for action potential initiation.

A

Define Axon Hillock.

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17
Q

The initial narrow part of the axon coming out of the axon hillock

This segment is where action potentials are generated.

A

What is the Initial Segment of Axon?

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18
Q

They are part of the cytoskeleton made up of bundles of actin filaments

Neurofibrils provide structural support to the neuron.

A

What are Neurofibrils?

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19
Q

Extensive complex fine branches that give rise to the axon terminals

Telodendria facilitate communication with other neurons.

A

What are Telodendria?

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20
Q

A bulbous end, which forms the synapse to the next nerve

Axon terminals are crucial for neurotransmitter release.

A

What is an Axon Terminal?

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21
Q

Pair of oval-shaped structures deep into the cerebrum

The diencephalon plays a crucial role in relaying sensory information and regulating autonomic functions.

A

What is the Diencephalon?

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22
Q

Spaces formed by both of the sub-layers of the dura mater

Dural venous sinuses play a crucial role in draining blood from the brain.

A

What are dural venous sinuses?

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23
Q

A vertical fold that separates each cerebral hemisphere

It helps keep the cerebral hemispheres in place and is located in the longitudinal fissure.

A

What is the Falx cerebri?

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24
Q

Forms a horizontal partition separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum

It is located in the transverse fissure and translates to ‘tent.’

A

The Tentorium cerebelli serves what purpose?

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25
Sickle-shape ## Footnote This term is used in the context of the Falx cerebri and Falx cerebelli.
What does the term **Falx** mean?
26
A vertical sickle-shaped partition that partially separates each cerebellar hemisphere ## Footnote It is located inferior to the cerebellum.
What is the **Falx cerebelli**?
27
What percentage of CSF volume is produced by **Ependymal cells lining the ventricles**?
30% ## Footnote Ependymal cells are responsible for a significant portion of CSF production.
28
What percentage of CSF volume is produced by the **Choroid plexus**?
30% ## Footnote The choroid plexus is located in each ventricle and plays a crucial role in CSF production.
29
What percentage of CSF volume is produced by the **Subarachnoid space**?
40% ## Footnote The subarachnoid space is external to the brain and contributes significantly to CSF volume.
30
Two left and right gaps or openings located lateral to the 4th ventricle ## Footnote They drain CSF back into the subarachnoid space and bathes external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.
What are the **lateral apertures**?
31
One middle gap or opening located inferior to the 4th ventricle ## Footnote It drains CSF back into the subarachnoid space and bathes external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.
What is the **median aperture**?
32
* Ependymal cells lining the ventricles * Choroid plexus found in each ventricle and pathways * Subarachnoid space external to the brain ## Footnote These components contribute to the total volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
About **500 mL/day** of CSF is produced by which cells?
33
What are the **four raised areas** on the posterior side called?
corpora quadrigemina ## Footnote Each raised area is referred to as a colliculus (plural: colliculi).
34
What are the **two types** of colliculi?
* Superior colliculi * Inferior colliculi ## Footnote Superior colliculi are involved in controlling eye movements, while inferior colliculi relay auditory signals.
35
The **superior colliculi** are involved in controlling movements of the _______.
eyes ## Footnote They play a crucial role in visual processing and eye movement coordination.
36
The **inferior colliculi** relay auditory signals from the inner ear to the _______.
thalamus ## Footnote This function is essential for auditory processing.
37
Where is the **Lateral Horn** found in the human body?
In the thoracic and lumbar regions only ## Footnote The lateral horn contains cell bodies of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
38
What type of nervous system does the **Lateral Horn** belong to?
Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system ## Footnote This division is often referred to as the 'fight or flight' system.
39
What is the **Filum Terminale**?
An extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx vertebra ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in stabilizing the spinal cord within the vertebral column.
40
How many pairs of **cervical spinal nerves** are there?
8 pairs ## Footnote This group does not match the number of vertebrae due to an extra spinal nerve found above C1.
41
How many pairs of **thoracic spinal nerves** are there?
12 pairs ## Footnote Thoracic spinal nerves are part of the spinal nerve groups.
42
How many pairs of **lumbar spinal nerves** are there?
5 pairs ## Footnote Lumbar spinal nerves are one of the five groups of spinal nerves.
43
How many pairs of **sacral spinal nerves** are there?
5 pairs ## Footnote Sacral spinal nerves are included in the total count of spinal nerves.
44
How many pairs of **coccygeal spinal nerves** are there?
1 pair ## Footnote Coccygeal spinal nerves are the last group of spinal nerves.
45
Each of the **31 pairs of spinal nerves** forms from the fusion of the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal cord. True or False?
TRUE ## Footnote This is the fundamental structure of spinal nerves.
46
What are the **three branches** that the spinal nerve splits into after the anterior and posterior roots fuse?
* Posterior ramus * Anterior ramus * Meningeal branch ## Footnote The posterior ramus is pluralized as rami.
47
How many separate pairs of **intercostal nerves** are there?
11 ## Footnote Intercostal nerves are responsible for the sensation and movement of the muscles between the ribs.
48
How many **cranial nerves** are purely sensory nerves?
3 ## Footnote The purely sensory cranial nerves are I, II, and VIII.
49
Name the **four cranial nerves** that are mixed nerves containing both sensory and motor axons.
* V * VII * IX * X ## Footnote Mixed nerves have both sensory and motor functions.
50
How many **motor nerves** contain primarily motor axons only?
5 ## Footnote The motor cranial nerves are III, IV, VI, XI, and XII.
51
What is the **Solar Plexus** also known as?
Celiac Plexus ## Footnote It is a complex nerve network located in the abdomen.
52
What is the **sympathetic Chain Ganglion**?
A row of linked ganglia running alongside the spinal cord ## Footnote This structure is part of the sympathetic nervous system, which is involved in the body's 'fight or flight' response.
53
Approximately how many **taste buds** are located in the human mouth?
4000 ## Footnote Taste receptors are responsible for detecting different flavors.
54
What are the **five primary taste sensations** detected by taste buds?
* Salty * Sweet * Sour * Bitter * Umami ## Footnote Umami is a savory taste associated with amino acids like glutamate.
55
What is **cerumen** commonly known as?
Earwax ## Footnote Cerumen is produced by sebaceous and ceruminous glands in the ear canal.
56
What are the functions of **cerumen**?
* Traps dust and microbes * Lubricates the canal * Prevents dehydration ## Footnote These functions help maintain ear health and protect the ear canal.
57
What is the **Tympanic Membrane** also known as?
Eardrum ## Footnote It is a thin, semi-transparent membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves.
58
The **Tympanic Membrane** serves as a border between which two parts of the ear?
* Outer ear * Middle ear ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in hearing by transmitting sound vibrations.
59
What does a **red discoloration** of the Tympanic Membrane indicate?
Infection ## Footnote Red discoloration is a common sign of an ear infection.
60
What does a **yellow/amber discoloration** of the Tympanic Membrane suggest?
Fluid buildup ## Footnote This can indicate the presence of fluid in the middle ear.
61
What does a **blue/purple discoloration** of the Tympanic Membrane signify?
Bleeding or trauma ## Footnote This discoloration may result from injury or other serious conditions.
62
What do **white patches** on the Tympanic Membrane indicate?
Scarring or calcification ## Footnote These changes can occur due to previous infections or chronic conditions.
63
What is the **Bony Labyrinth** composed of?
Hard, protective chambers carved into the temporal bone ## Footnote The Bony Labyrinth serves as a protective structure for the inner ear.
64
What fluid fills the **Bony Labyrinth**?
Perilymph ## Footnote Perilymph cushions and protects the membranous structures within the Bony Labyrinth.
65
What is the **Anterior Cavity** filled with?
aqueous humor ## Footnote The Anterior Cavity is located in front of the lens.
66
What is the **Posterior Cavity** filled with?
vitreous humor ## Footnote The Posterior Cavity is located behind the lens.
67
What is a **cataract**?
A condition in which the lens becomes cloudy, interfering with light transmission and causing blurry vision ## Footnote Cataracts often develop with age or UV exposure and may require surgical replacement of the lens.
68
Cataracts often develop with age or _______.
UV exposure ## Footnote This exposure can contribute to the clouding of the lens.
69
What may be required for cataracts if they interfere with vision?
Surgical replacement of the lens ## Footnote This procedure is often necessary to restore clear vision.
70
What is the **Macula Lutea**?
A yellow-tinted region in the central retina ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in central vision.
71
The **Macula Lutea** is rich in which type of photoreceptors?
Cone photoreceptors ## Footnote These photoreceptors enable high-resolution, color vision.
72
What vision tasks is the **Macula Lutea** essential for?
* Reading * Facial recognition ## Footnote It is critical for tasks that require detailed central vision.
73
What is the **Tapetum Lucidum**?
A reflective layer found in the eyes of many animals ## Footnote It reflects light back through the retina, enhancing night vision.
74
What is the function of the **Tapetum Lucidum** in animal eyes?
Enhances night vision by reflecting light back through the retina ## Footnote This layer is responsible for the glowing 'eye shine' observed in some animals.
75
The **Tapetum Lucidum** is responsible for what phenomenon in animal eyes?
The glowing 'eye shine' ## Footnote This occurs due to the reflection of light by the Tapetum Lucidum.
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