Approaches Flashcards

Question

What is the structure of the personality?

Answer 1

**psyche (inner mind)** **ID** The most primitive part of the personality which is present from birth. Operates on the pleasure principle (pursing immediate satisfaction to reduce discomfort.) This part of the mind is driven by sexual and aggressive instincts conflicting with societal norms and moral codes. **EGO** A ‘reality check’ for the ID. Operates on the reality principle, (trying to fulfil the desires of the ID in an acceptable and realistic way) thus requiring acknowledgement of the external world and rules. Uses defence mechanisms **SUPEREGO** Last part of the personality to form. Arises from the internalisation of society’s rules and values learned from our parents. Operates or the morality principle and strives for perfection always considering is the action is right/wrong Counterbalance to the ID

Answer 2

Repression- placing uncomfortable thoughts in a relatively inaccessible area of the subconscious mind Displacement-the shifting of actions from a desired target to a substitute target when there’s some reason why the first target isn’t permitted or available. Denial- refusing to acknowledge that all event has occurred. May be totally subconscious/unconscious or turning a blind eye to an uncomfortable situation

Answer 3

Old Age Pensioners Love Gin Oral stage 0-1yrs Anal stage 2-3yrs Phallic stage 3-5yrs Latency stage 6-11yrs Genital stage 12+

Answer 4

**Oral** Pleasure seeking energy is focused on the mouth. Mothers breast is the focus of desire **Anal** Pleasure focused on anus, child focuses on withholding and expelling feaces **Phallic** Focus pleasure on genitals, understanding of sex differences. Oedipus and elytra complex **Latency** Libido is dormant, no psychosexual development. Freud believes sex impulses are repressed. **Genital** Libido re-emerges and directed to people of the other sex

Answer 5

According to Freud our personality and many of our behaviours are as a result to what happens in the psychosexual stages. The Oedipus and elytra complex are key in our moral development. **Oedipus** Conflic a young boy experiences when they develop a passionate desire for thier mum. Father=rival Supported by the fear of the father,so developing castration anxiety (dad find out kid wants mum and chops penis off) father is more powerful because he has a bigger penis. The only way to resolve the conflict is to identify with the father and this removes the treat and desire for the mother (repressed) **Elytra** Desire for opposite men because of the realization they have a penis. They resent and blame the mum because girl thinks she has castrated her. Penis envy is later replaced when desire for a baby with father, fear of mum finding out so identify to repress.

Answer 6

Little hans 3yrs old Freud interpreted that hans was afraid that his father would castrate him for desiring his mother Horse is symbolic of the father as bigger penis so fear them

Answer 7

Psychoanalysis (free association, dream analysis)

Answer 8

First person to attempt to study the human mind using scientific methods. He used strictly controlled experimental conditions. He studied reaction time to various sensations or perception tasks to make the data objective rather than subjective. He presented people with standardised sensory events like a ticking metronome and asked to report their reactions. Therefore, people reported their present experiences. He called this introspection - a systematic analysis of one’s own conscious experience and internal thoughts. Experiences are analysed in their component parts = ‘structuralism’. These parts are elements like sensation, emotional reactions etc. Participants responses to the same stimulus can then be compared and analysed. He made theories from these studies, to explain higher mental functions like language and accepted that both of biology and culture change our perception – known as “Cultural Psychology”.

Answer 9

Only studies observable behaviour The basic processes of learning occur in all species Stimulus-Response Learning All behaviour is determined by environmental stimuli (tabula rasa-born as a blank slate) Behaviour can be learned through operant conditioning Learning through consequences (reinforcement & punishment) Behaviour can be learned through classical conditioning Learning through association (repeated paired presentation of stimuli

Answer 10

Unconditioned stimulus – Unconditioned response Neutral stimulus – No response Unconditioned stimulus + Neutral stimulus – Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus – Conditioned response

Answer 11

Research: Pavlov's Dogs

Answer 12

Positive Reinforcement: A stimulus that increases the probability that a behaviour will be repeated because it is pleasurable/rewarding Negative Reinforcement: A stimulus that increases the probability that a behaviour will be repeated because it leads to escape/avoidance from an unpleasant situation and is thus experienced as rewarding Punishment: A consequence of behaviour that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour happening again because the overall experience is unpleasant

Answer 13

Research: Skinner's Rats

Answer 14

Classical conditioning starts the phobia & operant conditioning maintains the phobia (negative reinforcement)

Answer 15

Systematic desensitisation Taught relaxation techniques; Client develops anxiety hierarchy; Work through hierarchy using relaxation techniques at client’s pace until reach top of the hierarchy Flooding Exposure to fear, trapped in with the fearful stimuli; Only released when calm (phobia becomes extinct)

Answer 16

Uses laboratory experiments and makes inferences (assumptions based on evidence and reasoning) about internal mental process. E.g., looking at an observable input and output means you can infer about the process Uses theoretical models (a proposed representation of how information might be processed) Memory models (WMM & MSM) Input – process – output (similar to computers) ABC Model & Beck’s Negative Triad] Simplifies complex processes, provides a framework for scientific process and allows us to make predictions

Answer 17

1. Input (Stimulus)- information is taken from the environment 2. Process (Organism)- Information is manipulated and transformed 3. Output(Response)- Behavioural response

Answer 18

People have free-will People are unique; Focuses on subjective experiences, feelings & thoughts important to the person Everyone has an innate need to self-actualise (SA). Humans should be viewed holistically

Answer 19

Counselling (Person Centred Therapy) Holistic form of therapy The therapist should be genuine, warm & empathetic towards the client They model unconditional positive regard (UPR) (accepting others without judgement) to the client, to develop help client develop congruence. The aim is to enable the client to develop their own solutions and to increase their self esteem SE) and ability to reach SA.

Answer 20

Maslow's hierarchy of needs Conditions of Worth (CoW) When a parent places limits or boundaries on their love for their children CoW lower a person’s self esteem & develop incongruence. UPR in therapy helps remove CoW Self concept & congruence The further away a persons ideal self is from their actual self = incongruent = low SE The closer a person’s ideal self is from their actual self = congruent = high SE

Approaches Flashcards

(45 cards)