attachment

Question 1

what is attachment

Answer 1

an emotional connection or bond between the child and the principle caregiver charcaterised by mutual affection, frequent interaction, a desire for proximity and selectivity.

Question 2

what are the 2 types of infant -caregiver interactions

Answer 2

1. interactional synchrony
2. reciprocity

Question 3

what is interactional synchrony

Answer 3

when the caregiver and the baby reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and do this in a co-ordinated , they mirror each other

Question 4

who observed the beginings of interactional synchony

Answer 4

Meltzoff and Moore- 1977

Question 5

what did they do

Answer 5

an adult displaysed 1 of the 3 facial expressions or 1 of 3 gestures. Babies expression and gestures. Babies’ expression are more likely to be mirrored those of adults.

Question 6

what did Isabel et al do

Answer 6

observed 30 mothers and babies togther and assesed the degree of synchrony . They found high levels of synchrony were asscoaited with better quality of mother baby attachment.

Question 7

what is reciprocity and when it begin in infants

Answer 7

begins around 3 months-when each person responds to the other and elicits a response
around 3 months

Question 8

what does reciprocity do

Answer 8

each person responds to the other and elicits a response. Refers to the sequnetial turn-taking between the caregiver and infant.

Question 9

what did Emerson and Schaffer do in 1964

Answer 9

They wanted to investigate the formation of early attachment particular the age in which they developed emotional intensity and whom they were directed to.

Question 10

what was the method of the research on stages of attachment

Answer 10

they studied 60 babies at a monthly interval for first 18 months of life- was a longitudinal study- all from working class communities from Glasgow- studied in own home- interactions with their careers were observed and careers were interviewed. Baby showed seperation anxiety after career left- diary kept by mother- recorded observation of baby during seperation and in the presence of a stranger.

Question 11

what were the findings

Answer 11

attachment occurred in stages. at 8 months about 50 infants had more than one attachment.

Question 12

what was the conclusion

Answer 12

quality of care influneces attachment. specific attachment tend to be to person who interactive and sensitive to babies signals.

Question 13

how many attachment stages were there and what are they

Answer 13

4
Asocial stage
Indiscriminate attachment
specific or discriminate attachment
multiple attachment

Question 14

what is asocial stage

Answer 14

0-3 months
infants don’t know the difference between humans and objects
at about 6 weeks they treat humans diffrently by gurgling and smiling at them show some preference for some adults but NO ATTACHMENTS

Question 15

what is indiscriminate attachment

Answer 15

3-7 months
social behaviour is shown. a clear preference for human company- familiar adults recognised- no attachments
child doesn’t show seperation anxiety or stranger anxiety

Question 16

what is specific or discriminate attachment

Answer 16

7-9 months
baby looks for particular people for security and protection and comfort
showers stranger anxiety and unhapiness when separated from a special person- separation anxiety

Question 17

what is multiple attachments

Answer 17

9+months
attachments develope with others but the original attachment is the strongest
called secondary attachments
a child may therefore show separation anxiety for multiple caregivers

Question 18

what is sensitive reponsiveness

Answer 18

attachments formed with those who respond to the infant’s signals and needs not the person who spends the most time.
who also plays and communicates with the infants the most

Question 19

what is the role of the father

Answer 19

history shows mothers to have a more nurturing role with the infant and the father had more of an instrumental role

Question 20

Emerson and Shaffer and attachments with the father

Answer 20

their stage theory highlights the mother was the primary attachment figure for majority of the infants around 7 months old
few weeks or moths later they develope a secondary attachment with the father
at 18 moths 75% of infants had an attachment with their fathers
this demonstrates the role of the father is still significant

Question 21

distinctive role of fathers -Grossman 2002

Answer 21

longitudinal study of 44 families where babies attachments were studied until they were teens.
researchers observed parents behaviour and relationship to the quality of care of their child’s attachment to other people.
found- mothers was correlated with quality of attachments in adolecents. However the infants attachmentswith the father had no impact on the attachments in adolecents.
geiger- father more play than nurture

Question 22

father as primary caregiver-field

Answer 22

observation
3 types of caregivers- primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers
same interactional synchrony, reciporcity and nurturing as mothers- same sensitive responiveness

Question 23

what are the 2 animal studies into attachments

Answer 23

Lorenz and Harlow

Question 24

what did Lorenz do-1952

Answer 24

conducted research on imprinting . Many young species are precocial-independent from birth eg birds

Question 25

what is imprinting

Answer 25

process of forming attachment with the parent animal. Lorenz found that hatchling geese would follow the first moving thing they saw until they wouldn't leave it without becoming distressed.

Question 26

What was the aim of Lorenz's study

Answer 26

conduct a study on this imprinting phenomenon

Question 27

what was the procedure of Lorenz

Answer 27

randomly divided a clutch of Greylag goose eggs. half were hatched in an incubator and the first thing they saw was Lorenz The other half saw their mother when hatched. they were then mixed together to see who they followed he varied the time between birth and seeing moving object so he could measure the critical period for imprinting

Question 28

what was the findings of Lorenz's sstudy

Answer 28

when Lorenz put all the goslings together they became agitated and distressed and quickly sought out their respective mothers- searching for him and the other half for the mother. To learn swimming, Lorenz would get into a pond so they would follow him and start swimming

Question 29

what was the conclusions for lorenz's study

Answer 29

following is an instinctive behaviour and that there was a critical period for imprinting to take place. It would usually occur 13-16 hours after hatching- after this the hatching would wander aimlessly and not become attached to mother figure.

Question 30

Ao3 for lorenz

Answer 30

generability to humans ethical issues for animal research supporting

Question 31

what was Harlow's study

Answer 31

rhesus monkeys- closely related to humans. his research was partly influenced by a theory that infants formed attachments to the adult who feeds them- attachment being a secondary consequence of feeding. This is called the cupboard love theory

Question 32

what was the procedure for Harlow's research

Answer 32

laboratory experiment on infant rhesus monkey taken from their mother soon after birth. they were placed in cages with wired surrogate mothers with a feeding bottle attached and a soft cloth mother without a feeding bottle

Question 33

what was the findings of harlow study

Answer 33

monkey spent nearly all time clinging to cloth mother and only approached wired mother to get milk once full returned to cloth mother

Question 34

what was the conclusions

Answer 34

the cloth mother was a source of 'contact comfort' and saftey if they became frightned - emotional comfort was more important than feeding for attachment formation

Question 35

what was the findings and conclusions

Answer 35

maternal deprived monkeys abnormal behaviour- aggressive and less socible - dysfunctional critical period for attachemnt is 90 days damage of privation was irreversible

Question 36

what is learning theories also known as

Answer 36

cupboard love theories

Question 37

why are they also known as this

Answer 37

this is because it emphasises the importance of attachment figures as a provider of food

Question 38

what do leaning theorists believe about babies

Answer 38

they learn to be attached to their caregiver through clascial and operant conditioning

Question 39

classical conditioning

Answer 39

learning through association. pleasure of feeding associated with the person who feeds it so person becomes source of pleasure even if there's no feeding. food-UCS pleasure of food= UCR- not learnt person-NS Person=CS pleasure=CR

Question 40

operant conditioning

Answer 40

learning through consequences of behaviour if positive behaviour- reinforced if negative- less repeated

Question 41

attachment and positive reinforcement

Answer 41

can explain why babies cry for comfort- important in building attachment crying leads to response from caregiver- provides food crying is reinforced- pleasurable consequnces and comfort from caregiver forming attachmnet.

Question 42

attachment and negative reinforcemnt

Answer 42

negative reinforcement reinforced for caregiver because the crying stops when baby is fed

Question 43

attachment and drive reduction

Answer 43

hunger thought to be a drive- its innate. we are motivated to eat when an infant is fed their drive reduction is reduced producing a sense of pleasure therefore a primary reinforcer as it reduces discomfort caregiver- secondary reinforcer and attachment is secondary drive

Question 44

how many principles of bowlbys attachment theory and what are they

Answer 44

5 Monotropy Internal working model Adaptive Social releasers Critical period

Question 45

what is attachment is adaptive increases survival and reproduction

Answer 45

he proposed attachment was important for the survival of the child. infatns are born helpless and therefore they have evolved with an innate tendancy to form an attachment. the attatchment is adaptive behaviour because it increases the liklihood of survival + reproduction he believed attachmnet was a reciprocal process - caregiver also innate programmed to form attachment to infant

Question 46

what is monotropy- one particular caregiver

Answer 46

emphasised on child's attachment to on particular care giver. he believed that infants have an innate tendancy to become attached to one person who shows sensitivity and responds to the infant. he believed monotropy was essential for the healthy pyscho development of the child.

Question 47

what is social releasers social behaviour

Answer 47

babies are born with social releasers. these are social behaviours that creates a caregiving reaction such as crying or smiling. these are important to enusre interaction takes place and attchmnet is formed between figure and infant. attachment made with who reponds to the infants social releasers.

Question 48

what is critical period

Answer 48

upto 3 years of life if no attachment negative psychological consequences especially in adulthood

Question 49

what is internal working model

Answer 49

infant learn how to form healthy emotional relationships. the fist realtionship provides a template for future relationships part of continuity hypothesis

Question 50

what was the aim of Ainsworth Strange Situation

Answer 50

to investigate individual differences in attachment especially between secure and insecure attachments she wanted to see how infants would react in new and mildly stressful situations.

Question 51

what was the procedure

Answer 51

set up in a room in the university. Researchers watching through a 1 way mirror and recording the research. Controlled observation. 100 middle class infants 9-18 months + their mothers consisted of 8 standardised episodes lasting 3 mins each

Question 52

what were the 8 episodes

Answer 52

- mother and child introduced to the room -mother and infant left alone so child can explore the toys -a stranger enters and talks to the mother, stranger gradually approaches the child with a toy -mother leaves child alone with stranger and stranger attempts to interact with the child -mother returns and greets + comforts child -child is left alone by themselves -stranger returns and tries to engage with the child - mother returns and picks up the child. stranger leaves

Question 53

what was the key behaviours

Answer 53

-proximity seeking behaviour: a child with good attachment will stay fairly close to caregiver -exploration of secure-base behaviour: a child with good attachment feels confident to explore using their caregiver as a secure base -seperation anxiety -stranger anxiety -response to reunion- observations were made of the child's behaviour towards caregiver on return

Question 54

what were the 3 main attachment types

Answer 54

-secure type -insecure avoidant type -insecure resistant type

Question 55

what is secure type

Answer 55

-60-75% -Type B -seperation protest -stranger anxiety- distressed but moderate infant treats mother and stranger differently -willingness to explore-uses mother as a safe base - reunion- joy

Question 56

what is insecure avoidant type

Answer 56

type A 20-25% sees mum and stranger as similar no secure base but willing to explore avoids contact on reunion

Question 57

what is insecure resistant type

Answer 57

3% Type c very distressed at seperation resist stranger no secure base not willing to explore seeks and resist contact on reunion