gender Flashcards

Question

what is intersex

Answer 1

an individual who is neither female or male

Answer 2

at conception the 23rd chromosome pair xy-boys xx-girls

Answer 3

small number of embryos have a different combination of chromosomes compared to the normal xx and xy

Answer 4

randomly during the fusion of egg and sperm and is not inherited by parents

Answer 5

13 years +

Answer 6

XXY configuration in males. Individuals are biologically are male and anatomically look male. affects males

Answer 7

much taller, look less masculine, less facial hair, small testes and infertile

Answer 8

poor language skills, quiet, depression

Answer 9

testosterone supplements and injections

Answer 10

affects females result of a missing X chromosome. If a mother has lymphodema during pregnancy Turner's syndrome may develope.

Answer 11

shorter than average females, lots of moles and broad chest, non-functioning ovaries and infertility

Answer 12

higher than average reading ability, memory and maths is lower than average

Answer 13

growth hormone is administered- oestrogen and progesterone supplements

Answer 14

Kolhberg's theory Martin and Halverson- gender schema

Answer 15

cognitive one because it focuses on the child's understanding of gender and it shapes their developement of gender role behaviours.

Answer 16

3 gender identity gender stability gender constancy

Answer 17

the child biological matures A child become less egocentric child has new experineces

Answer 18

fully understands gender is stable and fixed- become highly motivated to behave in way expected for a boy or girl ages 4-7 they pay attention to same sex models and imitate them.

Answer 19

age 2-3 A child understands how to label themselves and others correctly based on physical apperances child doesn't understand that their gender stays the same over time

Answer 20

ages 4-5 child understands that their gender stays the same over time child doesn't understand that other people gender doesn't change if physical apperances changes

Answer 21

ages 6-7 child understands that gender is constant for everyone and stay the same for everyone

Answer 22

Martin and Halverson

Answer 23

a cognitive one. child understanding increases with age but children are actively developing and structuring their own gender schemas through experinces and interactions with the environment they don't begin to imitate same sex role models until 6-7 they believe children learn passively rather than actively

Answer 24

organised set of beliefs about gender which guide gender approriate behaviour and gives clues to the child how to act

Answer 25

child has formed a fixed view about what is appropriate for that gender disregard any info that doesn't fit their gender schema

Answer 26

a child’s gender schema would include subjects that are deemed gender specific at school and what clothes are appropriate for their gender.

Answer 27

once a child established male and females schemas. the group that the child belongs to is known as ingroup and the other gender groupn is known as outgroup. Once a child is aware of their ingroup, this will shape their behaviour and they will actively seek out information about behaviours that are considered gender appropriate.

Answer 28

Very young children will play with and engage with all children, no matter who they are. However, as children get older, we start to see gender segregations. They avoid children of the opposite sex because they are “not like me” and therefore less fun to be around. Children also learn the consequences of playing with the opposite sex - they come to realise that their peers may make fun of them if they play with the opposite sex and so avoid this interaction

Answer 29

explanation of gender was part of his theory of personality. He proposed that our personality develops through psychosexual stages: oral, anal, latent, phallic and genital. During each stage, one’s libido (life force) is focused on different body parts. There is an unconscious conflict during each stage.

Answer 30

children are considered bisexual because gender identity does not exist and there are no visible differences in the way they behave. It is only during the phallic stage (3-5 years old) that gender identity is resolved.

Answer 31

Boys desire their mothers. Boys aged 3 or 4 years become aware of their sexuality and desire their mother, as she has been a love object before. They want her sole attention. ● Boys see their father as a rival for the mother’s love and as a result, wish him dead. This wish creates anxiety and a fear of castration. These fears and feelings of guilt are repressed. ● The complex is resolved eventually because the boys begin to identify with their father after giving up his desire for the mother. This leads to the internalisation of their father’s gender identity, which then becomes his own. By copying the father the boy felt as if he gained access to the mother ‘by-proxy’.

Answer 32

A young girl is initially attracted to her mother (a love object) but this ends when the girl discovers that her mother does not have a penis. She then blames her mother for her own lack of penis, believing that she has been castrated and that her vagina is a wound following castration. Therefore, she experiences penis envy (which is a symbol of male power). ● The girl’s sexual desires are transferred to her father. So she is now in competition with her mother. She represses the fear of losing her mother’s love. ● The complex is resolved when the girl converts her penis envy to her wish to have a baby which reduces her anger towards her mother. The girl can now identify with her mother and internalise the gender behaviours. Freud believed this identification was not as strong as it is for boys. This is due to the fact that girls are less fearful than boys because they have already received the ultimate punishment, castration. Therefore, female identification is not as strong.

Answer 33

Bandura's theory influences of media influences of culture

Answer 34

behaviour is learned by observing people around us- influences of the environment in shaping our gender developement

Answer 35

live and symbolic models. Role models tend to be attractive and the same sex as the child and they can have positive or negative influences on our behaviour. Children more likely to imitate them if they identify with them eg same age, ethnicity

Answer 36

4 processes- - attention- watching the person peform the action -retention- remembering how to peform the action - motor reproduction- being physically able to do the action themselves -motivation- what makes the person want to imitate that behaviour.

Answer 37

a child is more likely to imitate a behaviour that has been reinforced eg. given praise this can be direct or indirect

Answer 38

reinforced for demonstrating a behaviour that is gender appropriate. eg. boy encouraged to be assertive and dominant The way boys and girls are encouraged to show distinct gender appropriate behaviour is called differntial reinforcement

Answer 39

watch someone else get rewarded for doing a gender appropriate behaviour

Answer 40

largely determined by the environment and socialisation. social norms are transmitted and communicated through one's culture.

Answer 41

found cultural difference in Papua New Guinea in gender roles compared to those in the USA

Answer 42

both men and women have adpoted what we would see as feminine. they are both gentle and spend time both their children in a maternal way

Answer 43

gender roles have been reversed compared to the USA. women are dominant and show leadership. men emotionally dependent and wear frill clothing

Answer 44

bussey and bandura- men portrayed as strong and ambitious and women are seen as dependent impacts on self-effiencecy- individuals belief in their own ability to carry out behaviours. social media does confirm gender sterotypes.

gender Flashcards

(68 cards)