what are the 2 ways to analyse qualitative data
1.content analysis (and thematic analysis)
2.case studies
what is content analysis
used to analyse qualitative data
allows researchers to take qualatative data and transform it into quantative data
what is the aim of content analysis
to quantify patterns in communication. This could include stories published in newspapers, films and adverts
how to carry out content analysis
Data collection and sampling method- research must decide how to systematically sample whatever form of media it is they are analysing
what is the steps in carrying out content analysis
-Data is collected
-researcher reads through the data and familiarise themselves
-researcher identifies coding units
-data is analysed by applying the coding units
- a tally is made of the number of times that a code appears
what are the 5 types in content analysis
written text- books and papers
oral text- speech
iconic text- drawings, paintings
audio-visual text- tv programmes
hypertexts- texts found on the internet
how to code the data
- best way to create categories is to skim the material and make a list of the main categories
- Define your categories in ways that will be understandable to others. Use operational definition. You will need an independent coder replicate ur content analysis. make definitions as clear and specific as possible
- list of categories must be comprehensive must cover all possiblilties
- categories must be mutually exclusive so no overlapping in codes.
what is the method of representing the data
data in each category is usually quantative but the research might include qualitative data.
AO3 for content analysis
- observer bias/subjectivity
- inter-rater reliability can be used
what is thematic analysis
converts qualitative data into quantative data.
First step is to transcribe the data which means researcher listens to the word and writes down exactly the language being used
what happens to the data after that
read repeatedly over and over so researcher can identify patterns and trends in the meaning being conveyed by the language
what happens after the themes are identified
re-analysed so that they become clear and given short hand codes.
research can then annotate the transcript with the codes challenge existing theories
AO3 for thematic analysis
+=have high ecological validity because it based on observations of real materials that are currently and relevant
-=processes are unscientific and open to research bias
what are case studies
involve the detailed study of a single individual, small group, institution or event.
Case studies use information from a range of sources.
findings are organised into themes to represent the individuals thoughts, emotions
data can be represented in a qualitative way through quantative data
case studies are longitudinal
AO3 for case studies
detailed
ethical issues- identity of p’s
over involvement
what is reliability
extent to which we get the same results when we repeat the same measurements/study
measurement is consistent
what ways of assessing reliability
test-retest
inter-observer reliability
what is test-retest
Eg. BSRI
involves giving the same test or questionaire to the same people on different occasions. The results should be the same or similar
the time between the first and the second test is should be sufficient
