axial skeleton

Question 1

axial

Answer 1

muscles of trunk and head

some cross boundaries because they cross over to the appendicular skeleton

Question 2

appendicular

Answer 2

muscles of the arms and legs

Question 3

zygomaticus major

Answer 3

one of the main muscles involved in facial expression, attaching at the corners of the mouth

O - anterior lateral surface of the zygomatic bone

I - muscles of the upper lip

raising the corners of the mouth

smiling for a photograph

cranial nerve 7

Question 4

lateral rectus

Answer 4

muscle of eye involved in moving the eye within orbit

O- common tendinous ring
I- surface of eye
A- move the eye straight to the (lateral) side

cranial nerve 6

looking around

Question 5

frontal bone

Answer 5

Protection: Shields the frontal lobe of the brain and supports the olfactory nerve pathways.
Structure & Shape: Forms the forehead, brow ridges (supraorbital ridges), and the upper part of the eye sockets (orbits).
Facial Musculature: Provides anchor points for muscles involved in facial expressions, like the frontalis and orbicularis oculi.
Sinus Cavities: Contains the frontal sinuses, reducing skull weight and enhancing voice resonance.
Cranial Floor: Contributes to the anterior cranial fossa, a critical part of the skull’s base

origin of temporalis, and muscles of the eye

Question 6

parietal bone function

Answer 6

Protection: Acts as a strong, hard barrier to shield the brain from injury and restrict swelling from issues like infection or hemorrhage.
Structure & Shape: Forms the majority of the skull’s roof and sides (the calvaria), contributing significantly to the head’s rounded shape.
Vascular & Meningeal Support: The inner surface contains grooves for major blood vessels (dural vessels) that supply the meninges (brain coverings) and the sagittal sinus.
Muscle Attachment: Provides anchor points for temporal muscles on its external surface.
Cranial Floor: Contributes to the cranial base, supporting the brain’s lobes

Question 7

temporal bone

Answer 7

protecting vital inner ear structures for hearing and balance (cochlea, canals), housing nerves (facial, vestibulocochlear), forming part of the skull base, connecting with the jaw (TMJ), and providing muscle attachment points for chewing

origin of temporalis, occipitalfrontalis

insertion for sternalcleidomastoid,

Question 8

occipital bone

Answer 8

protecting the lower brain (cerebellum, brainstem), providing an opening (foramen magnum) for the spinal cord to connect to the brain, and offering attachment points for neck and back muscles to stabilize and move the head, allowing nodding and turning

origin for: trapezius and occipitalfrontalis

insertion for sternocleidomastoid,

Question 9

zygomatic bone

Answer 9

elevate the corners of the mouth upward and outward, creating a smile, and contribute to other expressions like disdain or contempt by raising the upper lip

origin of zygomatic major

Question 10

ethmoid

Answer 10

supporting the nasal cavity, enabling smell, conditioning inhaled air, and lightening the skull, housing air cells that humidify, warm, filter air, provide voice resonance, and absorb impact

Question 11

sphenoid

Answer 11

provides skull rigidity, forms parts of the eye sockets (orbits) and cranial floor, serves as an attachment for chewing muscles, houses sphenoid sinuses for resonance, and contains crucial foramina and fissures for nerves and blood vessels to pass through, connecting the brain and face, and supporting the pituitary gland in its sella turcica

Question 12

lacrimal

Answer 12

to support the eye’s tear drainage system (lacrimal apparatus) by forming part of the nasolacrimal canal for tears to flow from the eye to the nose

Question 13

mandible

Answer 13

enabling biting, chewing (mastication), and speech by allowing the mouth to open and close, holding the lower teeth, and providing attachment for facial muscles, also contributing to facial structure, breathing, and actions like yawning and kissing

Question 14

maxilla

Answer 14

supporting chewing (mastication), speech (phonation), breathing, and facial expression, while also housing important nerves and vessels for the face and teeth

Question 15

the cervical spine contains how many vertebrae

Answer 15

7

Question 16

how many vertebrae in the thoracic spine

Answer 16

12

Question 17

how many vertebrae in lumbar spine

Answer 17

5

Question 18

how many sacral vertebrae

Answer 18

5

Question 19

how many coccygeal vertebrae

Answer 19

3-5

Question 20

zygomatic process

Answer 20

provide bony extensions that form cheekbones, create structural support for face, protect nerve and blood vessels

attachment for muscles that move the jaw, contribute to facial shape, chewing

on temporal bone

Question 21

mastoid process

Answer 21

on temporal bone

attachment point for neck muscles for head movement

insertion for sternocleidomastoid

Question 22

stylomastoid foramen

Answer 22

exit point for the skull for the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery

Question 23

foramen magnum

Answer 23

provide passage for brainstem (medulla oblongata) to connect with spinal cord while also accommodating the vertebral arteries and other nerves/vessels

on occipital bone

Question 24

occipital condyles

Answer 24

allowing the head to nod (“yes” motion) and tilt, facilitating essential head movement and supporting the skull on the spine

Question 25

temporal process

Answer 25

provide bony extensions that form the prominent cheekbones, create structural support for the face, protect nerves and blood vessels, and serve as crucial attachment points for powerful muscles (like the masseter and temporalis) that move the jaw, contributing to facial shape, mastication (chewing), and overall facial integrity on zygomatic

Question 26

condylar process

Answer 26

forms the hinge of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), enabling jaw opening, closing, and side-to-side movements crucial for mastication (chewing), speech, and maintaining an open airway, while also acting as a growth center for the mandible through adaptive remodeling

Question 27

coronoid process

Answer 27

a crucial attachment point for the powerful temporalis muscle, a primary jaw elevator, and fibers of the masseter muscle, both essential for chewing (mastication) by powerfully closing the jaw and providing stability for biting and grinding food on mandible

Question 28

transverse foramina

Answer 28

provide a vital passageway for the vertebral arteries, vertebral veins, and sympathetic nerves to travel up and down the neck, supplying blood and nerves to the brain and surrounding structures on cervical vertebrae

Question 29

bifid spinous process

Answer 29

increase the surface area for attachment of deep neck muscles and the crucial nuchal ligament, providing stability and allowing for neck extension on cervical vertebrae

Question 30

vertebrae body of cervical spine

Answer 30

provides a strong, weight-bearing base for the vertebral arch (protecting the spinal cord and arteries) and serves as an anchor for neck muscles, enabling the head's extensive movement and stability, while also connecting to discs for shock absorption, allowing flexibility (rotation, flexion, extension) for vision and scanning surroundings

Question 31

transverse costal facet

Answer 31

provide a stable articulation point (joint) on the thoracic vertebrae's transverse processes for the costal tubercle of a rib

Question 32

inferior costal facet

Answer 32

provide a smooth, cartilage-lined surface for the head of a rib to articulate with the vertebral body

Question 33

superior costal facet

Answer 33

provide a smooth, cartilage-lined surface for the head of a rib to articulate (join) with the vertebra, facilitating the crucial movements of the rib cage that enable breathing (inhalation/exhalation) and trunk stability, by allowing ribs to glide and rotate on thoracic vertebrae

Question 34

spinous process of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 34

acts as a crucial attachment point for powerful back muscles and ligaments, enabling spinal extension, rotation, and posture maintenance, while also providing some protection for the spinal cord origin of: trapezius, lattimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior,

Question 35

vertebrae foramen

Answer 35

form the protective vertebral canal, housing and safeguarding the spinal cord, while the intervertebral foramina (openings between vertebrae) provide exit routes for spinal nerves to connect the brain and body, allowing nerve signals and blood supply to pass through

Question 36

thoracic vertebral body

Answer 36

structural support, protection of vital organs, and providing attachment points for ribs and muscles

Question 37

lumbar transverse process

Answer 37

crucial anchor points for back muscles (like the psoas, longissimus) and ligaments, providing lever arms for movement, spinal stability, posture, rotation, and side-bending in the lower back origin for: psoas major insertion for longimissmis

Question 38

lumbar spinous process

Answer 38

provide bony attachment points for back muscles and ligaments, acting as levers for posture and movement (flexion, extension, rotation); protecting the spinal canal; and helping stabilize the spine, with its size and shape varying for efficient muscle action in the lower bac

Question 39

lumbar vertebrae body

Answer 39

supporting the upper body's weight, transmitting loads to the pelvis, allowing for significant trunk movement (bending, twisting), and forming a protective canal for the spinal cord and nerves that control the legs

Question 40

facet for the dens (atlas)

Answer 40

creates a pivot joint, allowing the head to rotate side-to-side (shaking "no"

Question 41

superior articular facet (atlas)

Answer 41

allow for nodding ("yes") movements (flexion and extension) and support the weight of the head.

Question 42

rib head

Answer 42

o create stable, yet mobile, joints (costovertebral joints) with the thoracic vertebrae, allowing the ribs to move during breathing, expanding the chest for inhalation, and providing attachment points for muscles, all while protecting vital organs like the heart and lungs

Question 43

rib shaft

Answer 43

protects vital organs, provides muscle attachment points, and houses the neurovascular bundle in its groove

Question 44

clavicular notch

Answer 44

provide a stable articulation point on the sternum (breastbone) for the clavicle (collarbone)

Question 45

sternum body costal notches

Answer 45

serves to anchor the costal cartilages of ribs 2 through 7, forming flexible joints that allow for chest expansion during breathing, while also protecting vital organs like the heart and lungs.

Question 46

function of xiphoid process

Answer 46

primarily functions as a crucial anchor point for muscles, especially the diaphragm for breathing and the rectus abdominis ("abs") for core stability, while also protecting underlying organs like the heart and lungs and serving as a landmark for CPR.

Question 47

temporalis

Answer 47

O: temporal, sphenoid, parietal, frontal I: mandible A: moving the mandible (lower jaw) for chewing (mastication) by elevating (closing the mouth), retracting (pulling back), and assisting in side-to-side (lateral) movements cranial nerve 5, mandibular nerve