Cystology
Study of cells
Histology
Study of tissue
Regional Anatomy
Interrelationships of all structures in a specific body region
Upper and lower limb } MSK, Cardio, Nervous
Systemic Anatomy
Study of structures that make up a discrete body system.
group of structures that work together to preform a unique body function
organ systems
ie/ skeletal, muscular, MSK
Anatomy
Setting in which the events of life occur - where things take place
study of the body’s structures
Evolution
Change in gene expression that occurs from generation to generation
does not occur within one’s lifetime, but across generations
Clinical Anatomy
Through a clinical lens (med, nursing, PT, OT)
disease/injury
Comparative Anatomy
Compare species, populations, individuals
everyone has considerable variations
Anatomical Regions
Each of these major regions are subdivided into more specific regions
Regions of lower limb:
Gluteal region.
Anterior thigh region.
Posterior thigh region.
Anterior knee region or (popliteal regions)
Posterior knee region.
Anterior leg region.
Posterior leg region.
Anterior talocrural region.
Posterior talocrural region.
Foot region.
Anatomical positions
The standard reference (starting) point in which all positions, planes, and movements are described.
* Erect posture
* Hands at the side
* Palms and feet facing forward
* Gaze forward
Always assume anatomical position.
When a subject is lying down rather than standing up, the subject might be in:
Supine position: lying face up.
Prone position: lying face down.
- difference in position of torso
Note that these terms specify the position of the torso, not of the forearm distal to the elbow (or the palm).
I.e., in the supine position, the dorsal or posterior surface of the torso is facing the bed/floor/ground.
Anatomical planes
Primary anatomical planes are orthogonal
Frontal (coronal) plane - where a tiara would sit on your head
Sagittal plane - left/right halves
Transverse (horizontal) plane - parallel to the floor
always taking planes in anatomical position
Sagittal or Longitudinal
divide body into left and right, down the middle, midsagittal or median plane
(Mid)sagittal or median
Divide body into equal L+R (midline)
Parasagittal
Divide body into unequal L+R
longitudinal section
Frontal or Coronal
Divide body front + back
can be at any portion of the body
anterior and posterior portion
Transverse or Horizontal or Axial
Divide body top + bottom
cross section
Anatomical Terms of Direction
describe the relative position of structures or locations in or on the body.
How to use Anatomical Terms
Superficial - nearer to surface - the muscles of the arm are superficial to its bone (humerus)
Intermediate - Between a superficial and a deep structure - The biceps muscle is intermediate between the skin and the humerus.
Deep - Farther from surface - The humerus is deep to the arm muscles.
Superior (cranial) - Nearer to head - The heart is superior to the stomach.
Medial - Nearer to median plane - the 5th digit (little finger) is on the medial side of hand.
Lateral - farther from median plane - The 1st digit (thumb) is on the lateral side of the hand.
Proximal - Nearer to trunk or point of origin (e.g, of a limb) - The elbow is proximal to the wrist, and proximal part of an artery is its beginning.
Distal - Farther from trunk or point of origin (e.g. of a limb) - The wrist is distal to the elbow and the distal part of the upper limb is the hand.
Posterior (dorsal) - Nearer the back - the heel is posterior to the toes.
Inferior (caudal) - nearer to feet - The stomach is inferior to the heart.
Anterior (ventral) - Nearer the front - the toes are anterior to the ankle.
Cranial Cavity
Houses brain
Continuous
Spinal Cavity (vertebral cavity)
Encloses spinal cord
continuous
Thoracic Cavity
Is the more superior subdivision of Anterior cavity.
enclosed by rib cage
contains lungs and heart
Can be divided further into 2 Pleural cavities(contain left and right lung) and 1 Mediastinum(contains heart, thymus, and portions of esophagus and trachea).
Diaphragm
Forms floor of thoracic cavity, separates it from more inferior abdominopelvic cavity.
superior
rostral, above
rostal means beak
inferior
caudal, below
cauda = tail
