IGCSE bio(me) > b15 > Flashcards

b15 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

the types of reproduction

A

-sexual reproduction
-asexual reproduction

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2
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction using one parent, producing identical offspring.

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3
Q

advantage of asexual reproduction

A

-energy efficient and fast
-requires only one parent
-Ensures survival of well-adapted traits in unchanging habitats.

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4
Q

disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

-Offspring are genetic clones, vulnerable to diseases or environmental shifts, wiping out populations.
​-Limits adaptation
-Increases competition for resources near the parent
​

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5
Q

sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction using two parents, producing genetically different offspring.

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6
Q

advantage of sexual reproduction

A

Promotes genetic diversity, helping adaptation

Increases disease resistance via variation in offspring

Supports long-term species survival in dynamic environments

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7
Q

disadvantage of sexual reproduction

A

-slower process due to meiosis and fertilization

-Offspring may be less adapted than parents initially

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8
Q

fertilization

A

involving fusion of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote

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9
Q

haploid

A

has one set of chromosome(n)

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10
Q

diploid

A

has 2 sets of chromosome(2n)

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11
Q

example of haploid

A

gametes

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12
Q

example of diploid

A

zygote and all body cells

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13
Q

species

A

group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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14
Q

interbreeding

A

increase genetic diversity, introduce new traits, and help populations adapt to changing environments.

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15
Q

sepals

A

protect the flower when it is still a bud

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16
Q

petals

A

brightly coloured and scented to attract insects

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17
Q

stamens(male part)

A

-produces pollen grain(male gametes)

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18
Q

filament

A

holds up the anther so pollen can be released

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19
Q

anther

A

produces and releases pollen

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20
Q

carpels(female part)

A

contains the female reproductive structures

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21
Q

stigma

A

sticky surface to catch pollen

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22
Q

style

A

connects stigma to ovary,pollen tube grows through it

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23
Q

ovary

A

contains ovules

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24
Q

ovules

A

contain female gametes(egg cells)

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25
anthers in a wind pollinated flower
hang outside the flower(easily release pollen into the wind)
26
stigmas in a wind pollinated flower
large and feathery(increase surface area to catch pollen)
27
pollination
transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma
28
adaptations of insect pollinated flowers
-Bright petals → attract insects -Scent + nectar → encourage visits -Sticky pollen → sticks to insects -Stigma inside flower → receives pollen from insects
29
adaptations of wind pollinated flowers
Small, dull petals → no need to attract insects No scent or nectar → not needed Large amounts of light pollen → carried by wind Feathery stigma → traps pollen Anthers outside → release pollen easily
30
germination conditions
-water -oxygen -suitable temperature
31
water in germination conditions
activates enzyme and swells the seed
32
oxygen in germination condition
-needed for respiration(energy release)
33
suitable temp in germination condition
enzymes work best at the right temp
34
germination
biological process when a seed starts to grow into a seedlings
35
what happens if is less water during germination
-enzymes dont work -seeds stay dormant
36
what happens if there is more water during germination
-oxygen is pushed out -seeds cannot respire
37
if there is too little oxygen during germination
-no respiration -no energy
38
if there is more oxygen during germination
-usually not harmful -germination occurs slightly faster
39
if temp is very low during germination
-enzymes work slow -germination is slow
40
if temp is too high during germination
-enzymes denature -seeds may die
41
testes
produce sperm cells produce testosterone
42
scrotum
-hold the testes outside the body keeps them at lower temp(needed for sperm production)
43
sperm ducts
carry sperm from testes to urethra transport pathway during ejaculation
44
prostate gland
Adds fluid to sperm to form semen Fluid provides nutrients and helps sperm swim
45
urethra
tue that carries semen and urine(seperately) out pf the body
46
penis
delivers semen into female reproductive system during intercourse
47
ovaries
-produce egg cells -produce hormones(oestrogen)
48
oviducts
-carry egg from ovary to uterus -site of fertilisation
49
uterus
-where embryo implants and develops -has a lining that thickens for pregnancy
50
cervix
narrow opening of uterus holds baby during pregnancy dilates during birth
51
vagina
Receives sperm during intercourse Birth canal during delivery Also allows menstrual flow out
52
adaptations of sperm cell
-flagellum(helps sperm swim toward egg) -mitochondri(provide enrgy for movement) -acrosome(break down the egg's outer layer to allow entry
53
adaptations of egg cell
-energy stores(provide nutrients for early development -jelly coat(changes after fertilisation to prevent more sperm entering)
54
what does testosterone cause
Growth of facial hair Deepening of voice Muscle development Sperm production
55
oestrogen
produced by ovaries
56
what does oestrogen causes
Development of breasts Widening of hips Regulation of menstrual cycle
57
menstrual cycle
monthly cycle that prepares the body for pregnancy
58
what does menstrual cycle involve
changes in ovary(release of an egg) change sin uterus lining(thickening and breakdown)
59
ovulation
release of a mature egg cell from the ovary into the oviduct
60
menstruation
breakdown and shedding of the uterus lining
61
umber of gametes of male and female
-sperm have very large number(100 millions) egg cells have one
62
sperm cell size
0.005 mm thick
63
egg cell size
0.1 mm
64
STI
sexually transmitted infection.Infection that is passed from one person to another through sexual contact
65
what can HIv lead to
AIDS(acquired immune defficiency syndrome).Where the immune system becomes severely weakened
66
how is HIV transmitted
-unprotected sexual intercourse -sharing contaminated needles -from mother to baby during pregnancy
67
how can STIs be controlled
-using condoms -education and awarness -testing and treatment -limiting number of sexual partners
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