Chemistry > B3 AlkAnes > Flashcards

B3 AlkAnes Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What is the general formula of alkyl groups?

A

CnH(2n+1)

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2
Q

What is the nine carbon prefix?

A

Non

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3
Q

What is the ten carbon prefix?

A

Dec

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4
Q

Define empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

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5
Q

Define molecular formula

A

The total number of atoms of each element present in a molecule

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6
Q

Define homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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7
Q

What is an aliphatic compound?

A

Contains hydrogen and carbon atoms joined in a straight chain, branched chain, or non-aromatic ring

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8
Q

What is an alicyclic compound?

A

An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains, but no benzene ring

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9
Q

What is an aromatic compound?

A

Contains a benzene ring

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10
Q

What is the relationship between compounds being alicyclic and aliphatic?

A

All alicyclic are aliphatic; not all aliphatic are alicyclic

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11
Q

What is a saturated compound?

A

Contains single carbon-carbon bonds only

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12
Q

What is an unsaturated compound?

A

Contains carbon-carbon ** multiple** bonds

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13
Q

Define structural isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae

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14
Q

explain homolytic fission

A

one electron from the shared pair goes to each atom forming radicals

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15
Q

Definition for homolytic fission

A

a covalent bond breaks and each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pairs of electrons from the bond to form radicals **

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16
Q

what does fission mean

A

splliting apart

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17
Q

explain heterolytic fission

A

both the shared electrons go to one atoms forming a positive and negative ions

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18
Q

Definition of heterolytic fission

A

when a covalent bond breaks one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond. forming +ve and -ve ion

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19
Q

Define radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron

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20
Q

Define Curly Arrow

Study These Flashcards
A

The movement of a pair of electrons,

showing either heterolytic fission or the formation of a covalent bond

21
Q

What is the only type of covalent bond present in alkanes?

22
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

23
Q

What is the general formula of cyclic alkanes?

24
Q

What bonds will be present in a single covalent bond?

25
what is a sigma bond
direct overlap of orbitals
26
What bonds will be present in a double covalent bond?
One sigma bond, one pi bond
27
What bonds will be present in a triple covalent bond?
One sigma bond, two pi bonds
28
Ways to compare sigma and pi bonds
* Orbital overlap * Bond enthalpy * Electron density * Rotation
29
Sigma vs Pi: Orbital overlap
Orbitals overlap directly between bonding atoms in sigma; sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding atoms in pi
30
Sigma vs Pi: Electron density
Sigma have a much higher electron density than pi bonds
31
Sigma vs Pi: Rotation
Sigma have free rotation pi have restricted rotation
32
Sigma vs Pi: Bond enthalpy
Sigma have a higher bond enthalpy so are stronger; pi have a lower bond enthalpy so are weaker
33
Explain why a longer carbon chain alkane has a higher boiling point than a shorter carbon chain alkane
increased chain length = higher BP more carbon atoms more electrons stronger London forces more energy required to overcome
34
Explain why the more branched an alkane’s carbon chain is, the lower its boiling point
More branching = less surface contact= weaker LF
35
What is the word equation for alkane complete combustion?
Alkane + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
36
What is the word equation for alkane incomplete combustion?
Alkane + O2 -> CO + H2O
37
Why is alkane incomplete combustion hazardous?
Produces carbon monoxide which is toxic
38
What condition is required for Free Radical Substitution and why?
UV Light; provides energy to break covalent bond (homolytic fission)
39
What is the initiation step for chlorine and butane in Free Radical Substitution?
Cl2 -> 2Cl* uv light across arrow production of radicals
40
What are the propagation steps for chlorine and butane in Free Radical Substitution?
Cl* + C4H10 -> C4H9Cl + HCl C4H9* + Cl2 -> C4H9Cl + Cl* production of new radicals from existing ones
41
What are the termination steps for chlorine and butane in Free Radical Substitution?
Cl* + Cl* -> Cl2 C4H9* + Cl* -> C4H9Cl C4H9* + C4H9* -> C8H18 removes radicals
42
Why is Free Radical Substitution limiting to produce a desired product? (3)
1- Substitution can replace any hydrogen atom in any position along carbon chain 2- further substitution can occur 3- more than 1 termination products/ step
43
When do the alkanes react with halogens? How could you prove this?
44
limitation of termination
produces unwanted products - require further separation
45
issues with combustion
sulphur impurities - so2 - acid rain N2 and 02 in the heat of an engine - N02 - toxic
46
how can we solve issues with combustion
catalytic converters - turns toxic production into less toxic products e.g. CO--> CO2
47
issues with C in imcomplete combustion
soot particulate asthma global dimming
48
issues with co2 in complete combustion
greenhouse gas global warming climate change
49
Alkanes do not react with most common reagents, they have a very low reactivity. Why?
1- no polar bonds (low bond polarity of the C-H and C-C bonds) 2- c-c and c-h sigma bonds very strong (high bond enthalpy)
Chemistry
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