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BAK Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basic cause of motion sickness?

A

A disconnect between vision and balance.

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2
Q

List factors that may aggravate motion sickness.

A

Flying unbalanced, heat, swaying, turning.

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3
Q

List methods of combating motion sickness in flight.

A

Cooling, flying balanced, looking at the horizon.

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4
Q

Describe the effects of positive and negative G accelerations.

A

G-lock: induced loss of consciousness. Cannot sustain high G for long – can pass out.

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5
Q

State the sources, symptoms, effects, and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning.

A

Sources: exhaust gases. Symptoms: headache, dizziness, impaired judgement. Treatment: fresh air, oxygen.

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6
Q

Define ‘threat’ and give examples.

A

Any situation that can cause an undesired aircraft state. E.g. weather, wildlife, passengers, traffic.

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7
Q

Give an example of a committed error and how to manage it.

A

Incorrect weight calculation → safety check + other opinion.

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8
Q

Explain how checklists/SOPs prevent errors.

A

They prevent memory-based mistakes and assist with workload management and threat handling.

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9
Q

Describe the basic principles of TEM (Threat & Error Management).

A

Identify threat → manage → avoid error → avoid undesired aircraft state.

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10
Q

Give an example of how an undesired aircraft state can develop from an unmanaged threat or error.

A

Incorrect weight calculation → too heavy → poor performance → crash.

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11
Q

List resources a pilot can use to avoid adverse weather.

A

Radio, GPS, compass, turning around.

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12
Q

Why is task prioritisation important in managing undesired aircraft states?

A

To ensure aviate-navigate-communicate order is followed.

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13
Q

How can interpersonal relationships impact flight?

A

Poor communication or distractions → undesired aircraft state.

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14
Q

Recall symptoms and effects of hypoxia.

A

Euphoria, visual issues, dizziness, confusion, overconfidence. At altitude, time of useful consciousness decreases.

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15
Q

List coping strategies for fatigue.

A

Quality sleep, sleep management, relaxation, fitness, diet.

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16
Q

List illusions related to flight and disorientation.

A

Leans, somatogravic illusion, graveyard spin, false horizons, autokinetic illusions.

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17
Q

Describe factors that affect night vision.

A

Dark adaptation, off-centre viewing, glare, empty-field myopia, prescription glasses.

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18
Q

How does dehydration affect pilot performance?

A

It can cause headaches and impair concentration.

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19
Q

What are the pilot’s obligations regarding medication and medical clearance?

A

Must inform the DAME and CASA of any medication being taken.

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20
Q

Define RA and GA regarding medical exams.

A

RA = Self-declared, GA = DAME + CASA reviewed.

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21
Q

What does CASA consider disqualifying medical conditions?

A

Only those that present a flight safety hazard.

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22
Q

Define EW, BEW, ZFW, GW, MTOW, MLW.

A

EW: Empty Weight; BEW: Basic Empty Weight; ZFW: Zero Fuel Weight; GW: Gross Weight; MTOW: Max Takeoff Weight; MLW: Max Landing Weight.

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23
Q

Give the pressure altitude formula.

A

PA = 30 × (1013 − QNH) + Elevation

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24
Q

Give the density altitude formula.

A

DA = 120 × (OAT − (15 − 2 × PA/1000)) + PA

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25
What is the meaning of white cones with red line vs white cross on a taxiway?
White cones + red line = don’t use area; White cross = don’t use whole taxiway.
26
How is an incident different from an accident?
Incident = potential accident; Accident = actual damage or injury occurred.
27
What does the intermittent use of nav/landing lights mean?
Indicates an emergency or warning to other aircraft.
28
Define TODR, TORA, ASDA, LDA.
TODR: Takeoff Distance Required, TORA: Takeoff Run Available, ASDA: Accelerate Stop Distance Available, LDA: Landing Distance Available.
29
Minimum height for flight over populated areas?
1000 ft
30
Minimum height for flight over other areas?
500 ft
31
Minimum height for acrobatics?
3000 ft and must recover by that height.
32
Minimum height over public gatherings?
1000 ft
33
Requirements for landing before end of daylight?
Must land before last light.
34
Define SARTIME.
Search and Rescue Time – time and place submitted for SAR to begin if not heard from.
35
What documents identify controlled airspace?
ERSA, NOTAMs, charts.
36
Difference between controlled and non-controlled airspace?
Controlled = ATC/radio required; Non-controlled = visual separation required.
37
When must flight review or BFR be completed?
Every 2 years or as required to reset endorsements.
38
What must be recorded in a flight logbook?
Flight details, PIC, hours, day/night time.
39
Purpose of aircraft maintenance release?
Track maintenance; engineer signs off airworthiness.
40
Limitations of RPL/RPC?
25nm from aerodrome reference point, no cliff strips, operate in CTA with conditions.
41
What is IAS → CAS → TAS → GS?
Indicated Airspeed → Calibrated Airspeed → True Airspeed → Ground Speed.
42
What is a nautical mile?
1 minute of arc at the equator, = 1852 m.
43
What is Zulu time and how to convert to local?
UTC time; Add 10 for AEST.
44
How do we classify turbulence?
Mechanical, thermal convection, drifting thermals, frontal, clear air.
45
What are the causes of mountain waves?
Strong wind over mountain, 25kts+, stable layers, lenticular clouds at peaks.
46
What are the five main types of fog?
Radiation, advection, upslope, frontal, steam.
47
What are the major cloud types and their abbreviations?
SC, CU, ST, CB, TCU, CC, CS, CI, AC, AS, NS.
48
How does pressure/temperature change with altitude?
Altitude ↑ → Pressure ↓, Temp ↓.
49
Define Pressure Altitude.
Altitude corrected for non-standard pressure; PA = 30(1013−QNH) + Elev.
50
Define Density Altitude.
Altitude corrected for temperature; DA = 120(OAT−(15-2xPA/1000)) + PA.
51
What units is visibility measured in?
Metres (m).
52
How does the Earth’s rotation affect wind?
Coriolis effect; deflects wind right in NH, left in SH.
53
Describe how a directional gyro works.
Uses rigidity in space; vacuum system; shows heading.
54
How do anabatic and katabatic winds form?
Anabatic = upslope heating (During the day, the sun warms the slope, causing the air above it to heat up, become less dense, and rise. This creates a gentle, warm wind that flows upwards along the slope); Katabatic = downslope cooling.(As the air cools, it becomes denser than the surrounding air. Gravity's Role: This denser, cold air then flows downhill under the force of gravity, creating the katabatic wind)
55
What is Buys Ballot’s Law?
Stand back to wind – low pressure on left in NH.
56
How do hydraulic systems work in aircraft?
Fluid is pushed to move brake discs via caliper and pads; pump provides pressure.
57
What happens if the hydraulic pump stops?
Pressure is maintained for a short time via accumulator.
58
What instruments are part of the pitot-static system?
Airspeed indicator(p), vertical speed indicator(s), altimeter(s).
59
What is the function of the static vent and pitot tube?
Static vent = static pressure; Pitot = total (dynamic + static) pressure.
60
What happens to instruments if the static source is blocked?
Altimeter and VSI freeze; airspeed underreads in climb, overreads in descent.
61
What are the two gyroscopic properties?
Rigidity in space and gyroscopic precession (90° deflection).
62
What are key engine gauges and what do they measure?
Tachometer (RPM), EGT (burn efficiency), Oil temp/pressure, Fuel pressure.
63
What is the difference between wet sump and dry sump systems?
Wet sump stores oil in engine; dry sump stores oil separately.
64
What are the two main magneto functions?
Create voltage and control spark timing.
65
Why use impulse coupling on magnetos?
To ensure spark for starting; delay + release of spring energy.
66
What are typical aviation fuels and their colours?
100LL (blue), 100/130 (green), Jet A1 (clear/straw colour).
67
What do fuel tank vents do?
Equalise pressure to prevent vacuum during fuel use.
68
Name the four strokes of the Otto cycle.
Intake, compression, power, exhaust.
69
What is the function of a carburettor?
Mixes fuel and air before engine combustion; speeds airflow = suction.
70
Describe typical piston engine layouts.
In-line, V-type, horizontally opposed, radial, inverted in-line/V.
71
what colour does oil burn
blue or grey
72
what colour does smoke burn
black
73
conditions for kids sharing a seat
Seating on an adult’s lap is permitted: * An infant may be carried on the lap of an adult passenger. * The adult must be at least 15 years old. * The aircraft must be fitted with a seatbelt that can be used to secure the adult and the infant, or the operator must provide an approved infant restraint device. 3. Number per adult: * Only one infant per adult is allowed to be carried on a lap. * Additional infants must be in approved child restraint systems in their own seat.
74
Infant definition:
infant is a child under 2 years old.
75
Cloud Type
Image Description
76
Cumulus (Cu)
Fluffy, cotton-ball-shaped clouds with flat bases
77
Cumulonimbus (Cb)
Massive towering cloud with anvil top and dark base
78
Stratus (St)
Uniform grey blanket of low cloud covering the sky
79
Stratocumulus (Sc)
Lumpy, rolling grey clouds in patches or layers
80
Altocumulus (Ac)
White/grey patches in sheets or layers, ripple appearance
81
Altostratus (As)
Grey/blue sheet across sky, sun barely visible
82
Cirrus (Ci)
Wispy, feathery clouds high in the sky
83
Cirrostratus (Cs)
Thin veil across sky, halos around sun/moon
84
Nimbostratus (Ns)
Thick, dark, featureless layers blocking sunlight
85
Parasite Drag
Resistance to motion caused by air flowing over aircraft surfaces, excluding lift. Includes form drag, skin friction, and interference drag.
86
Induced Drag
Drag caused by the production of lift, due to pressure differences and wingtip vortices.
87
Dynamic Pressure
Pressure due to the motion of air, proportional to the square of true airspeed.
88
Static Pressure
Ambient air pressure surrounding the aircraft, unaffected by motion.
89
What is a spin?
A spin is an autorotative descent where: - One wing is more stalled than the other - The aircraft yaws and rolls continuously - Airspeed is low and stable - Stall warning may be present - Recovery: power idle, ailerons neutral, rudder opposite, forward elevator
90
What is a spiral dive?
A spiral dive is a steep descending turn where: - Both wings are not stalled - Airspeed increases rapidly - G-forces and bank angle increase - Aircraft is in a tightening descending turn - Recovery: reduce power, level wings, gently pitch up
91
What are the key differences between a spin and a spiral dive?
Feature | Spin | Spiral Dive --- | --- | --- Wings Stalled? | Yes (one more than the other) | No Airspeed | Low and steady | Increasing rapidly Turn type | Yaw-dominated autorotation | Banked turn with increasing rate G-forces | Low | High (increasing) Recovery | Power idle, opposite rudder, forward elevator | Power back, roll wings level, gentle pitch up
92
What is the purpose and use of carburettor heat?
Carburettor heat prevents or removes ice from the carburettor throat: - Used when flying in moist air at low power settings - Typical signs of carb ice: drop in RPM or rough engine - Application causes power drop initially as warm air is less dense - Must be ON when carb ice is suspected, OFF after ice is cleared - Should be ON before reducing power (e.g. descent, landing) -when on richer mixture
93
How far away does an aircraft be from another aircraft when refueling
6m
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