Basic Population Genetics - Ch.5 - 6

Question 1

Types of Mutations (8)

Answer 1

Point mutation
Insertion
Deletion
Gene Duplication
Inversion
Frameshift mutation
Chromosome Fusion
Genome Duplication

Question 2

Meiosis

Answer 2

Recombination of genetic material

Question 3

Population Genetics

Answer 3

The study of the distribution and frequencies of genotypes and alleles in population

Question 4

Harvey-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 4

Theoretical concept of no evolutionary changes.
Able to predict allele frequencies.

Question 5

Conditions for HWE

Answer 5

Population is infinitely large
Genotypes do not confer differences in fitness
No mutation
Mating is random
No migration

Question 6

Fitness (W)

Answer 6

The survival and reproductive success of an individual with a particular phenotype

Question 7

Components of Fitness

Answer 7

Survival to reproductive age
Mating success
Fecundity

Question 8

Relative Fitness (w)

Answer 8

Contribution of individuals with one genotype compared with the average contribution of all individuals in the population

Question 9

Average Excess Fitness

Answer 9

Difference between relative contribution of individuals with one genotype and the average fitness of the populations as a whole

Question 10

Natural selection is more effective in _____

Answer 10

Large populations, because drift is less likely

Question 11

Genome Sequencing

Answer 11

Can pinpoint genetic mechanisms of evolution

Question 12

Pleiotropy

Answer 12

A single gene or mutation influences multiple phenotypic traits

Question 13

Antagonistic Pleiotropy

Answer 13

Beneficial effects for one trait but detrimental effects for other triats

Question 14

Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection

Answer 14

Common phenotypes are selected against and rare phenotypes are favoured

Question 15

Heterozygote Advantage

Answer 15

Heterozygosity confers greater fitness than homozygotes

Question 16

Mutation-Selection Balance

Answer 16

Equilibrium frequency reached through tug-of-war between negative selection on deleterious alleles and new mutations.
Explains persistence of deleterious mutations in populations

Question 17

Inbreeding

Answer 17

Brings recessive deleterious allele together

Question 18

Inbreeding Depression

Answer 18

the reduction in biological fitness due to inbreeding

Question 19

Inbreeding Coefficient

Answer 19

F = the probability that two alleles at any locus of an individual are identical by descent

Question 20

Gene Expression

Answer 20

Process by which information from a gene is transformed into a product

Question 21

Order of RNA Processes

Answer 21

1. Transcription
2. Translation

Question 22

Epigenetic

Answer 22

The functional modifications to DNA that don’t involve changes to the sequences of nucleotides.
The study of the heritability of these modifications

Question 23

Epistasis

Answer 23

When the effects of an allele at one genetic locus are modified by alleles at one or more other loci

Question 24

Additive

Answer 24

Describes an allele that yields twice the phenotypic effect when two copies are present at a given locus. Not influenced by the presence of other alleles.

Question 25

Rare alleles are almost always carried _____

Answer 25

In heterozygous states

Question 26

Landscape Genetics

Answer 26

Field of research that combines population genetics, landscape ecology, and spatial statistics

Question 27

Population Structure

Answer 27

The occurrence of populations that are subdivided by influences that prevent individuals from mixing. Enhances the effects of genetic drift

Question 28

Fst

Answer 28

The measure of genetic distance between subpopulations

Question 29

Gene Flow Counteracts ____

Answer 29

Population subdivision