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Be Prof Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is the hierarchy of evidence?

A

The hierarchy of evidence ranks the strength of research findings, with meta-analysis being the strongest and editorials & opinion pieces being the weakest.

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3
Q

What are the strongest forms of evidence?

A

Meta-analysis and systematic reviews.

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4
Q

What types of studies are included in the middle tier of evidence?

A

RCTs, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies.

Also includes quasi-experimental studies.

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5
Q

What are quasi-studies?

A

Quasi-studies are not randomized.

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6
Q

What does HIPAA stand for?

A

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.

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7
Q

What does HIPAA enforce?

A

It enforces who may share patient information with insurance companies, court subpoenas, and referring physicians.

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8
Q

Who are not allowed to access patient information under HIPAA?

A

Friends of the patient and family members.

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9
Q

What is the HI-TECH Act?

A

It mandated the use of electronic medical records and established ‘meaningful use’ criteria.

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10
Q

What are examples of ‘meaningful use’ in EMR systems?

A

Summary reports and clinical decision supports.

Examples include care plans, history, treatments, education, and abnormal lab results highlighted in red.

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11
Q

What is Protected Health Information (PHI)?

A

PHI refers to any health information that can identify an individual.

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12
Q

What is COBRA?

A

Legislation that ensures access to healthcare despite being fired or losing your job.

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13
Q

How long can one continue on the same insurance plan under COBRA?

A

For up to 18 months.

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14
Q

What is the scope of practice?

A

The legal right to practice as a Nurse Practitioner (NP) as defined by the state nursing practice act.

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15
Q

What does the state board of nursing do?

A

It regulates the NP’s right to practice and enforces the NP’s scope of practice.

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16
Q

What is a catch regarding COBRA?

A

You are responsible for the COBRA premium payment, which includes your premium plus your employer’s previous premium.

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17
Q

What is the Health Belief Model?

A

The idea that people won’t change their behaviors unless there are negative consequences associated with not changing.

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18
Q

What is the essence of the Health Belief Model?

A

“Positive actions prevent negative consequences.”

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19
Q

What are the six components of the Health Belief Model?

A
  1. Perceived risk susceptibility 2. Belief of consequence 3. Risk severity 4. Benefits to action 5. Self-efficacy 6. Cues to action
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20
Q

What does Family Systems Theory suggest?

A

Family functions as a unit with each member playing a specific role.

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21
Q

What happens if one family member is ‘slacking’?

A

Another member will fill in their place.

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22
Q

What is an example of Family Systems Theory?

A

Daughter fills in motherly role.

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23
Q

What are the stages of change in the Transitional Care Model?

A
  1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance/Relapse
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24
Q

What occurs in the Pre-contemplation stage?

A

Not thinking about change.

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25
What occurs in the Contemplation stage?
Thinking about changing, but no concrete steps to address it.
26
What occurs in the Preparation stage?
Taking small steps needed towards change.
27
What occurs in the Action stage?
Achieving goal of change; plans are taking effect.
28
What is the Maintenance/Relapse stage?
Continuing action to keep goal (up to 6 months) vs. relapsing.
29
What are the steps in Lewin's Change Model?
1. Unfreeze 2. Change 3. Refreeze
30
What does the Swiss Cheese Model illustrate?
How mistakes 'slip through the holes.'
31
What is the goal of the Swiss Cheese Model?
Prevent readmissions & exacerbations; continuity of care is key.
32
What is the focus of Risk Analysis & Management?
Root cause analysis (RCA) to prevent mistakes in the future.
33
What do 'holes' signify in the context of Risk Analysis?
System errors in place.
34
What is a LICENSE?
Ability to practice from your state.
35
What is CERTIFICATION?
Your board exam (example: ANCC vs. AANP).
36
What are CREDENTIALS?
Process to allow you to bill to insurances.
37
What does the CONSENSUS MODEL for APRN's allow?
Allows NP's to practice to the full extent & scope of their training & licensure.
38
What is LIABILITY INSURANCE?
Patient now filing lawsuit (that you saw while at previous job).
39
What is CLAIMS BASED COVERAGE?
Covered only while you are employed. Lose coverage if you change jobs/retire. ## Footnote 'Claims' = 'cut' short.
40
What is TAIL COVERAGE?
Covers you while you aren't employed.
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What is OCCURRENCE BASED COVERAGE?
Covered as long as you had an active policy when you saw the patient. Still covered even if you lose/leave that job.
42
What is the difference between ICD and CPT in coding?
Need both to bill to insurance.
43
What is COLLABORATIVE billing?
Two NP's working together to provide care. ## Footnote Examples: Hypertension, <20-min visit, Diabetes, TIA.
44
What is CONSULTATIVE billing?
NP asking another NP about treatment advice.
45
What is INCIDENT TO BILLING?
Allows NP's to get reimbursed at 100% instead of at 85% when it works. ## Footnote Works when continuing physician's same treatment plan for already established patients' follow-up visits.
46
When does INCIDENT TO BILLING not work?
NP sees patient with new complaints (and therefore a new treatment plan) compared to what the physician originally saw them for.
47
What is Medicare?
Medicare is a federally funded program that provides coverage for elderly or disabled persons.
48
What does Medicare cover?
Medicare covers medically necessary services such as inpatient hospitalizations, hospice care, and outpatient services.
49
What are examples of outpatient services covered by Medicare?
Outpatient services include emergent ambulance services, durable medical equipment, diagnostic tests, second opinions, dialysis, walk-in visits, and annual vaccines.
50
What is the Balanced Budget Act?
The Balanced Budget Act broadened Medicare coverage of NP services and assigned NPs an NPI number.
51
What percentage of reimbursement do we get from Medicare?
We get 85% reimbursement by Medicare.
52
What are Medicare Advantage Plans?
Medicare Advantage Plans are supplemental insurances that cover vision and dental services.
53
What is the Prescription Drug Benefit in Medicare?
The Prescription Drug Benefit covers only formulary drugs.
54
What is Medicaid?
Medicaid is a federally and state funded program that provides coverage for persons living below the poverty line.
55
What is the poverty line for Medicaid eligibility?
The poverty line is defined as an income of less than $2,000 per month.
56
What is the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP)?
CHIP covers uninsured children from infancy to adolescence and pregnant women.
57
What are key components of social history?
Key components include relationship status, education level, housing status, drug/alcohol use, employment status, exercise regimen, and access to electricity, food, and water.
58
What are the three components of a chart?
The three components of a chart are history, exam, and plan.
59
What is autonomy?
The patient has the right to their own medical decisions.
60
What is beneficence?
To do good for patients.
61
What is capacity (competence)?
The patient is of right mind to make their own medical decisions.
62
What does dignity refer to in healthcare ethics?
Maintaining the patient's worth & being respectful.
63
What is fidelity?
Loyalty & maintaining trust (sticking to your word).
64
What is justice in healthcare?
Everybody has the opportunity for the same treatment; fairness.
65
What is non-maleficence?
To do no harm (avoid or diminish risk).
66
What is paternalism?
You (the provider) are personally deciding for the patient.
67
What is utilitarianism?
Selecting the option that benefits the majority.
68
What is veracity?
Truth telling, being honest.
69
What is primary prevention?
Prevention of disease/injury through healthy individual actions. ## Footnote Example: Education about nutrition, exercise, & tobacco harm.
70
What is secondary prevention?
Early detection to minimize harm through screenings. ## Footnote Example: Aspirin & statin use for high-risk stroke & heart attack patients.
71
What is tertiary prevention?
Prevention of disease progression through support groups and education. ## Footnote Example: Cardiac or stroke rehabilitation program.
72
What is an ombudsman?
Acts as liaison between patient & organization; helps reach conflict resolution.
73
What is a guardian ad litem?
Assigned by court to act in best interest of the patient.
74
What is a living will?
Document created by patient detailing their health preferences.
75
What is power of attorney (POA)?
A person previously designated by patient to make all decisions for incapacitated patient (finances included).
76
What is health-care POA?
A patient to make only medical decisions on their behalf when incapacitated.
77
What is the first stage of Erikson's stages of development?
Infancy (0-1 years old): Trust vs. Mistrust
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What is the second stage of Erikson's stages of development?
Early Childhood (1-3 years old): Shame vs. Autonomy
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What is the third stage of Erikson's stages of development?
Preschool (3-6 years old): Guilt vs. Initiative
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What is the fourth stage of Erikson's stages of development?
School Age (6-12 years old): Industry vs. Inferiority
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What is the fifth stage of Erikson's stages of development?
Adolescence (12-19 years old): Role Confusion vs. Identity
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What is the sixth stage of Erikson's stages of development?
Early Adulthood (20-25 years old): Isolation vs. Intimacy
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What is the seventh stage of Erikson's stages of development?
Adulthood (26-64 years old): Generativity vs. Stagnation
84
What is the eighth stage of Erikson's stages of development?
Old Age (65-death): Despair vs. Integrity
85
Erickson Stage Test Tip
The Small Girl In Red Is Getting Dog
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