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Hema Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of anemia is associated with microcytic hypochromic?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

MCV <80

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2
Q

What are the diagnostics for iron deficiency anemia?

A

Low ferritin and serum iron, high TIBC

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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Pale, fatigued, koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails), pica, cheilosis (inflammation around the mouth)

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4
Q

What is a leading cause of anemia in toddlers?

A

Cow’s milk

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5
Q

What is the treatment for iron deficiency anemia?

A

Iron replacement therapy
Take with empty stomach with Vit C 3-6 months
Ped- take with a dropper d/t teeth staining

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6
Q

What type of anemia is thalassemia associated with?

A

Microcytic anemia

MCV <80

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7
Q

What are the diagnostics for thalassemia?

A

Hemoglobin electrophoresis and genetic testing

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8
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of thalassemia?

A

Minor: often asymptomatic; Major: pallor, fatigue, splenomegaly

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9
Q

What type of anemia is pernicious anemia?

A

Macrocytic anemia

MCV >100

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10
Q

What is the cause of pernicious anemia?

A

No intrinsic factor to absorb B12, anti-parietal antibodies present
From gastric surgery

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11
Q

What is the treatment for pernicious anemia?

A

IM B12 replacement. Not oral can’t they can’t absorb

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12
Q

What type of anemia is associated with folate deficiency?

A

Macrocytic anemia

MCV >100

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13
Q

What are the diagnostics for folate deficiency anemia?

A

Low folate levels, high homocysteine levels

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14
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of folate deficiency anemia?

A

Fatigue, lightheaded, pale skin, weight loss, shortness of breath, heart palpitations

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15
Q

Who is at risk for folate deficiency?

A

Alcoholics

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16
Q

What type of anemia is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Macrocytic anemia

MCV >100

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17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Neuro symptoms (paresthesias) & glossitis (beefy red tongue)

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18
Q

What is a common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Previous gastric bypass surgery, metformin, PPI

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19
Q

What is the treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

PO B12 & folate supplements

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20
Q

What type of anemia is normocytic anemia?

A

Normocytic anemia

MCV 80-100

AKA- anemia of chronic disease

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21
Q

What are the diagnostics for normocytic anemia?

A

Low RBCs or H/H despite normal MCV

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22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of normocytic anemia?

A

Fatigue, shortness of breath, tachycardia, dizziness, headaches

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23
Q

What is a common medical history associated with normocytic anemia?

A

Chronic or inflammatory disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)

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24
Q

What type of anemia is associated with G6PD deficiency?

A

Normocytic anemia

MCV 80-100

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25
What are the triggers of G6PD deficiency?
Fava beans, infections, sulfa drugs
26
What are the signs of G6PD deficiency?
Jaundice, dark urine, hemolytic crisis: splenomegaly, abdominal pain
27
What are the characteristics of sickle cell anemia?
Short life spans (10-20 days) vs. normal (120 days)
28
What are the diagnostics for sickle cell anemia?
Hemoglobin electrophoresis
29
What are the peripheral smear findings in sickle cell anemia?
Howell-Jolly bodies & target cells
30
What are the signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
Frequent pain episodes (chest, back, legs & arms most often), joint swelling, anemia, paleness, jaundice
31
What are the crisis triggers for sickle cell anemia?
Illness & dehydration & hypoxia
32
What does HBS-AG stand for?
HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN HBS-AG (always growing) Active infection
33
What is ANTI-HBC?
HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIBODY IgM (miserable) IgG (gone)
34
What does HBS-AB (ANTI-HBS) indicate?
HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIBODY Immunity (infection or immunization)
35
What does a positive HBS-AG indicate?
ACUTE INFECTION
36
What do IGM and IGG represent?
IGM = Miserable (CURRENT INFECTION), IGG = GONE (OLDER INFECTION)
37
What is always positive post-infection?
HBS-AB (ANTI-HBS)
38
What does HBS-AB indicate?
IMMUNITY (FROM INFECTION OR IMMUNIZATION)
39
What does ANTI-HCV TESTING detect?
PRESENCE OF HEPATITIS C ANTIBODIES
40
What is the purpose of HCV RNA TESTING?
DIFFERENTIATES CURRENT VS. PAST INFECTION
41
What are the signs/symptoms of HIV/AIDS?
FEVER, NIGHT SWEATS, WEIGHT LOSS, MALAISE & SORE THROAT
42
How is HIV transmitted?
BLOOD & BODILY FLUIDS, NON-STERILE SYRINGES, PREGNANCY/BREASTFEEDING, BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, ORGAN TRANSPLANTS, UNPROTECTED SEXUAL INTERCOURSE
43
What is the purpose of CD4 T-CELL COUNTS?
DETERMINES HIV/AIDS STAGING Normal 500 -1500
44
What is the AIDS criteria based on CD4 count?
<200 = AIDS CRITERIA
45
What are HIV/AIDS patients at high risk for?
DEVELOPING PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA (PCP)
46
What is the treatment for PCP?
BACTRIM (TMP/SMX)
47
What is Polycythemia Vera (PV)?
Overproduction of red blood cells.
48
What effect does Polycythemia Vera have on blood?
Causes blood to appear thick and viscous.
49
What are the signs and symptoms of Polycythemia Vera?
Paresthesias, restless leg syndrome, increased clotting risk.
50
What are secondary causes of Polycythemia Vera?
High altitudes and COPD.
51
What is the treatment for Polycythemia Vera?
Regular phlebotomy to reduce blood volume and facilitate removal of excess RBCs.
52
What do positive titers indicate?
Immunity.
53
What should you do if a patient is unsure of their last tetanus booster?
Give tetanus booster if injuries/wounds involve potential tetanus contamination.
54
How often should healthy, normal patients receive a tetanus booster?
Every 10 years.
55
When should tetanus booster be given to patients with tetanus exposure?
Within the last 5 years.
56
What tetanus booster should be given to children under 7 years old?
DTaP (D = Dwarf).
57
What tetanus booster should be given to individuals older than 7 years old?
Tdap (I = Taller).
58
Dx of HIV?
Screening- HIV1/HIV2 antigen/antibody immunoassy If positive- HIV1/HIV2 antibody differential immoassy
59
TNM staging
T- Tumor size N-nodes M-metastasis
60
Leukemia?
Cancer of blood cells
61
Lymphoma
Cancer of lymphatic system Hodgkins- young Non-hodgkins- older Dx: reed-sterberg cells
62
Myeloma
Cancer of plasma S/s enlarged lymph nodes, fever, night sweat, weight loss, fatigue
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