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ENT Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the Rinne test?

A

Compares air conduction to bone conduction.

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2
Q

What is the first step in the Rinne test?

A

Assess bone conduction by tapping the tuning fork firmly on your palm and placing the butt on the mastoid eminence.

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3
Q

What is the second step in the Rinne test?

A

Assess air conduction by placing the ‘U’ of the tuning fork near the patient’s ear without touching it.

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4
Q

What are the normal findings in the Rinne test?

A

Air conduction (AC) > bone conduction (BC) and AC is 2x longer than BC.

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5
Q

What are the abnormal findings in the Rinne test?

A

Bone conduction > air conduction.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the Weber test?

A

To assess sound lateralization.

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7
Q

What are the normal findings in the Weber test?

A

Sound is heard equally in both ears with no lateralization.

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8
Q

What does ‘lateralize’ mean in the context of the Weber test?

A

Louder sound is heard more in one ear.

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9
Q

What are the abnormal findings in the Weber test?

A

Sound lateralizes to the affected ear.

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10
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

Can visualize cause; lateralizes to the bad (affected) ear.

Examples: cerumen impaction, foreign object, cholesteatoma, otosclerosis.

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11
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Cannot visualize cause; lateralizes to the good (unaffected) ear.

Examples: age, Meniere’s, meningitis, mumps, medications.

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12
Q

What is parotitis?

A

Parotid gland swelling.

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13
Q

What are common causes of parotitis?

A

Mumps, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and other viral illnesses.

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14
Q

What is sialolithiasis?

A

Salivary gland stone.

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15
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of sialolithiasis?

A

Bump under chin noticed while eating.

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16
Q

What is Meniere’s Disease?

A

A disorder caused by fluid buildup in the labyrinth (inner ear) that holds the organs responsible for balance and hearing.

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17
Q

What are the three parts of the inner ear?

A

The vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea.

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18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Meniere’s Disease?

A

Vertigo, tinnitus, headaches, ear pressure with nystagmus, severe nausea, and loss of balance.

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19
Q

What are the three diagnostic findings for Meniere’s Disease?

A

Two episodes of vertigo lasting >20 minutes, tinnitus (ringing of ears), and hearing loss confirmed per audiometry.

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20
Q

What are the risks associated with Meniere’s Disease?

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A

Potential for permanent hearing loss of high-pitched sounds.

21
Q

What is the treatment for Meniere’s Disease?

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A

There is no cure, only symptom management through medications, diet changes, and therapy.

22
Q

What is otosclerosis?

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A

A condition characterized by bone overgrowth inside the middle ear.

23
Q

What is observed in an otoscopic exam for otosclerosis?

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A

Decreased movement of the stapes bone.

24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of otosclerosis?

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A

Low-frequency hearing loss, dizziness, and vertigo.

25
What is the treatment for mild otosclerosis?
Hearing aids.
26
What is the treatment for severe otosclerosis?
Surgical repair.
27
What is a cholesteatoma?
An abnormal white, cauliflower skin growth present in the middle ear.
28
Where does a cholesteatoma growth begin?
Behind the ear drum, but can expand and erode ear canal bones.
29
What are the signs and symptoms of a cholesteatoma?
Unilateral ear pain and drainage, ear pressure, dizziness, recurrent ear infections, and foul smell.
30
What is the treatment for cholesteatoma?
Surgery. Can damage CN VII (facial) if not removed. Lead to facial paralysis
31
What is sinusitis?
A condition characterized by facial pain, tenderness, congestion, and runny nose, often following a recent URI. Symptoms last 7-10 days and may include toothache when bending over and infraorbital edema/shadowing.
32
What is the first-line treatment for allergic rhinitis?
Avoiding triggers is the primary recommendation. ## Footnote Second-line treatments include intranasal anti-histamines and corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone).
33
What are the symptoms of periorbital cellulitis?
Risk of permanent vision loss. Send to ED if suspected
34
What are the signs and symptoms of strep pharyngitis?
Acute onset sore throat with enlarged tonsils, white exudate, fever, and tender lymph nodes, but no cough or congestion.
35
What is the treatment for strep pharyngitis?
Amoxicillin (40-50 mg/kg/day) preferred for ped PCN VK PCN allergy- cephalexin, azithromycin, clindamycin (last/avoid d/t cliff) Diagnostics include rapid strep assay or throat culture.
36
What is the modified Centor criteria for strep pharyngitis?
Criteria include age, fever, absence of cough, and cervical lymphadenopathy. ## Footnote Points are assigned to determine treatment recommendations.
37
What is infectious mononucleosis?
A viral infection caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) characterized by sore throat, malaise, and adenopathy.
38
What are the complications to watch for in infectious mononucleosis?
Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, which should be ruled out with ultrasound before returning to contact sports.
39
What is the treatment for infectious mononucleosis?
Symptomatic management is recommended.
40
What is a characteristic rash associated with infectious mononucleosis?
Morbilliform rash, described as erythematous with healthy skin throughout.
41
When to start abx for sinusitis
10 days, double sickness, severe symptoms 1st choice- amoxicillin or Augmentin PCN Allergy- cephalosporin Moderate allergy- doxycycline Severe- fluoroquinolones (cirpro, levaquin)
42
Epistaxis
Anterior- kiesselbach plexus Posterior- more severe Hold pressure for 10 min
43
Epiglottis
*stridor, tripod Prevent- Hib vaccine
44
Aphthous ulcer
AKA canker sore Painful, topical corticosteroids
45
Chronic ulcerative stomatitis
Rare, recurrent ulcer for long time Planquenil needed
46
Geographic tongue
Benign, topica corticosteroids
47
Leukoplakia vs oral canadidias
-oral cancer or benign - oral candidiasis- can be wiped off
48
Oral hairy leukoplakia
On the side of the tongue Associated with EBV Not cancerous
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