Biodeiversity 2

Question 1

What is biodiversity and what is its importance

Answer 1

Definition: variety of organisms / species / habitats in an area
Importance: interdependence of species

Question 2

What are the three types of biodiversity

Answer 2

• habitat
• genetics
• species

Question 3

What is habitat biodiversity

Answer 3

Different types of habitat you can have in a particular area
E.g sand dunes, woodland, meadows, stream

Question 4

What is species biodiversity

Answer 4

• species richness = number of different species
• species evenness = comparing similarity of population sizes of different species

Question 5

What is genetic biodiversity and how do you calculate it

Answer 5

• the variety of alleles within a species / population
• number of polymorphic loci / total number of loci

Question 6

What are polymorphic loci

Answer 6

Genes with more than 1 allele

Question 7

What are the causes of increased genetic biodiversity

Answer 7

• mutations
• interbreeding (for example, same species that live in different environments breeding) —> gene flow

Question 8

What are the causes of decreased genetic biodiversity

Answer 8

• selective breeding
• breeding in captivity
• cloning
• natural selection
• genetic drift
• catastrophic events

Question 9

What are factors affecting biodiversity

Answer 9

• human population growth
• monoculture
• climate change

Question 10

What is random sampling and what is it usually used for

Answer 10

What: Samples taken at random positions, often using a random number generator
Use: estimating population size

Question 11

What are the three types of non random sampling

Answer 11

• opportunistic
• stratified
• systematic

Question 12

What is stratified sampling

Answer 12

What: sampling by different groups (e.g male and female) and taking random samples from each group proportionally

Question 13

What are the two types of systematic sampling, what is the difference between them?

Answer 13

• belt and line
• line uses a single tape measure, belt uses 2 tape measures

Question 14

What is systematic sampling and what is it used for

Answer 14

What: samples taken at regular fixed intervals along a transect
Use: to find a distribution of a particular species

Question 15

What is the reliability of a sample affected by

Answer 15

• bias
• chance

Question 16

How to reduce the affect of bias in sampling

Answer 16

Use more random sampling e.g use random number generator

Question 17

How to reduce the effect of chance affecting your sampling

Answer 17

Increase the sample size, to decrease the affect of anomalies

Question 18

What techniques can be used when sampling animals

Answer 18

• pooter
• pitfall traps
• sweep nets
• capture-mark-release

Question 19

What types of quadrats can be used to sample plants and what are they?

Answer 19

• point quadrats: T shaped frame, with pins pushed through it at set intervals. Each species the pin touches is recorded
• frame quadrat: metal grid

Question 20

What cam frame quadrats be used for

Answer 20

1. Measuring density
2. Measuring frequency
3. % cover

Question 21

What is in situ conservation

Answer 21

Protecting species and ecosystems in their natural habitats

Question 22

What is ex situ conservation

Answer 22

Protecting species outside of their natural habitats

Question 23

What is the role of zoos and botanic gardens as ex situ conservation

Answer 23

• research
• education
• captive breeding for reintroduction of species into wild

Question 24

What is the role of seed banks as ex situ conservation

Answer 24

Long term storage of plant seeds in a temperature controlled environment

Question 25

Role of national parks as an example of in situ conservation

Answer 25

- increasing public engagement in conservation - strict regulations protect endangered species

Question 26

Role of marine parks as in situ conservation

Answer 26

- restrictions protect endangered marine species - increase awareness

Question 27

What is CITES

Answer 27

An agreement to control global trade of endangered species and their products, it has 3 appendices: - Appendix I: endangered species → all trade banned - Appendix II: not yet endangered → trade allowed with permits - Appendix III: protected by a specific country → regulated trade

Question 28

What is CSS

Answer 28

Government schemes providing financial incentives to farmers and landowners - Aim: maintain, protect and enhance biodiversity Requires: - Conservation of habitats - Environmentally sensitive land management - Protection of natural and historic features - Conservation of traditional crops and livestock - Public access and education

Question 29

What is are the main aims of CBD

Answer 29

- conserve biological diversity - ensure sustainable use of biological resources - fair and equitable sharing of benefits from genetic resources

Question 30

What are the ecological reasons for protecting biodiversity

Answer 30

- to protect keystone species - increase stability of ecosystems to maintain a genetic resource

Question 31

What are aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 31

- protect landscapes - inspiration for creatives

Question 32

Economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 32

- ecotourism - medicines can originate from many plants and fungi

Question 33

What is Simpsons biodiversity index and what does it show?

Answer 33

D = 1 - (∑ (n / N)^2) Where: - n is the total number of organisms for a single species - N is the total number of organisms for all species - D is between 0-1: values near 1 = high biodiversity, values near 0 = low biodiversity