1
Q
Function of the inner membrane
A
Contains proteins for the electron transport chain
2
Q
What is the role of the outer membrane
A
Compartmentalisation
3
Q
What is the role of the matrix
A
- contains mitochondrial DNA
- contains enzymes for the krebs cycle and the link reaction
4
Q
What is the cristae and what is its role
A
- folds in the mitochondrial membrane
- to increase the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation
5
Q
What is the role of the inter membrane space
A
The electron transport chain pumps protons here, increasing the H+ conc, to create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis
6
Q
Features of the outer membrane
A
- smooth
- permeable
7
Q
Features of the inner membrane
A
- folded
- less permeable than the outer membrane
- site of electron transport chain
- location of ATP synthase
8
Q
Features of inter membrane space
A
- low pH (high conc of H+)
9
Q
Features of the matrix
A
- contains ribosomes, enzymes and mitochondrial DNA
- aqueous solution
10
Q
Where does glycolysis occur
A
In the cytoplasm, no within the mitochondria
11
Q
What are the steps of glycolysis
A
- Phosphorylation: glucose (6C) is phosphorylated by 2 ATP to form hexose bisphosphate (6C)
- hexose bisphosphate (6C) splits into two molecules of triose phosphate (3C)
- Each molecule of triose phosphate gains a phosphate from the cytoplasm to form triose bisphosphate
- Oxidation: hydrogen is removed from each molecule of triose bisphosphate and transferred to coenzyme NAD to form 2 reduced NAD
- Dephosphorylation: phosphates are transferred to form 4 ATP through substrate-linked phosphorylation
- Pyruvate is produced: the end product of glycolysis
12
Q
What are the steps of the link reaction
A
- pyruvate is oxidised to produce acetate and carbon dioxide (oxidative decarboxylation)
- acetate combines with coenzyme A to form a acetyl coenzyme A
13
Q
What are the steps in the krebs cycle
A
- 4C oxaloacetate accepts the 2C acetyl fragment to form citrate (6C) - coenzyme A is released
- citrate converted back to oxaloacetate
- decarboxylation removes CO2 to form a 5C intermediate, then 4C oxaloacetate
- releasing H+ that reduces FAD & NAD
- a phosphate is transferred from 1 of the intermediates to ADP, forming an ATP
14
Q
Steps in oxidative phosphorylation
A
1 - reduced NAD/FAD release protons & electrons
2 - electrons enter the electron transport chain
3 - electrons release energy as they travel along the ETC - energy pumps protons from the matrix to the inter membrane space by active transport
4 - proton concentration increases in the inter membrane space forming an electrochemical gradient
5 - chemiosmosis occurs = protons move across ATP synthase, driving ATP production
6 - oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor & reacts with protons and electrons to make water
15
Q
What is chemiosmosis
A
The diffusion of protons down the concentration gradient through ATP synthase
16
Q
Where does the link reaction and Krebs cycle occur
A
In the matrix
17
Q
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
A
- Across the inner membrane
- from the matrix to the intermembrane space
18
Q
What is produced as a result of glycolysis per glucose molecule
A
- x2 pyruvate
- 4 ATP gained, 2 lost = net gain x2 ATP
- 2 reduced NAD
19
Q
What is produced as a result of the link reaction per glucose molecule
A
- 2 acetyl CoA
- 2 CO2
- 2 reduced NAD
20
Q
What is produced from 1 turn of the Krebs cycle
A
- x3 reduced NAD
- x1 ATP
- x2 CO2
- x1 reduced FAD
21
Q
How many times do the krebs cycle and link reaction occur to produce 1 molecule of glucose
A
They both occur twice
22
Q
How is lactate metabolised
A
- oxidised back to pyruvate to o into Krebs cycle for ATP production
- be converted to glycogen for storage in the liver
Causes oxygen debt.
23
Q
what is the process of lactate fermentation
A
- Reduced NAD transfers its hydrogens to Pyruvate
- pyruvate conveted to lactate using the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
pyruvate acts as a hydrogen acceptor
24
Q
what is the process of ethanol fermentation
A
- pyruvate is converted to ethanal, by remocing a CO2, using the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase
- ethanal is reduced to ethanol by ethanol dehydrogenase
ethanal acts as the hydrogen acceptor
25
how to calculate the RQ value
RQ = CO2 produced / O2 absorbed
26
what is the RQ value for carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
carbohydrates = 1.0
lipids = 0.7
proteins = 0.9
27
How do triglycerides go through respiration
* trigycerides are broken down into glycerol + 3 fatty acids
* glycerol is converted to triose phosphate to enter glycolysis
* 3 fatty acids go through beta oxidation forming ~ 50 Acetyl coenzyme A
* Acetyl coenzyme A forms ~500 ATP
28
How do proteins go through respiration
* proteins are broken down into amino acids
* amino acids go through deamination forming pyruvate
29
why is deamination not an ideal process
It uses up ATP, decreasing the net ATP production in respiration
30
what happens during beta oxidation of fatty acids
* hydrogens are removed reducing FAD and NAD
* a 2 carbon acetyl group is removed from fatty acids and combines with coenzyme A
## Footnote
each acetyl group removes produces 1 reduced FAD, 1 reduced NAD, 1 acetyl CoA
31
where does anaerobic respiration occur
only on the cytoplasm
32
does aerobic or anarobic respiration have a higher energy yield
aerobic
33
Why is the energy yield higher in aerobic respiration
* glucose only partially oxidised in anaerobic respiration, as it only undergoes glycolysis. Glucose fully oxidised in aerobic
* no oxygen as the final acceptor = ETC and mitochondrial reactions stop
34
What is a **coenzyme**?
A molecule that helps an enzyme carry out its function but is not used in the reaction itself
## Footnote
Coenzymes are essential for various enzymatic reactions.
35
What does **Coenzyme A** consist of?
* A nucleoside (ribose and adenine)
* A vitamin
## Footnote
Coenzyme A plays a crucial role in metabolism.
36
What role do **coenzymes NAD and FAD** play in aerobic respiration?
They act as hydrogen carriers
## Footnote
NAD and FAD are essential for the transfer of hydrogen atoms during the respiration process.
37
When coenzymes gain a hydrogen, they are _______.
reduced
## Footnote
This change is part of the redox reactions in cellular respiration.
38
When hydrogen atoms are removed from coenzymes, the coenzymes are _______.
oxidised
## Footnote
Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons or hydrogen.
39
Electrons from **reduced NAD** and **reduced FAD** are given to the _______.
electron transport chain
## Footnote
This chain is crucial for ATP production in cellular respiration.
40
What happens to **hydrogen ions** from reduced NAD and reduced FAD when electrons are lost?
- They are released
- the electron transport chain drives the movement of hydrogen ions into the inter membrane space, creating a proton gradient
## Footnote
This release occurs during the electron transport process.
41
Why do different respiratory substrates have different RQ values
- they have a different number of carbon hydrogen bonds
- more carbon hydrogen bonds = more hydrogen atoms to reduce NAD & FAD
- this means more electrons are released into the electron transport chain
- more protons pumped into the inner membrane space - forming proton gradient
- more ATP formed
42
Why does lipid respiration require more oxygen than carbohydrate respiration
- as there are more hydrogen atoms released, more oxygen is required to act as the final electron acceptor to accept hydrogen ions and maintain the electron transport chain
43
What are **autotrophs**?
Organisms that synthesize their own usable carbon compounds from carbon dioxide through photosynthesis
## Footnote
Autotrophs are capable of producing their own food.
44
What are **heterotrophs**?
Organisms that require pre-made usable carbon compounds from their food
## Footnote
Heterotrophs cannot synthesize their own food.
45
What are example of essential work within organisms
- transporting substances across membranes
- anabolic reactions
- movement
- maintaining body temperature
46
What are Examples of transporting substance across membranes
- active transport using the sodium potassium pump in cell membranes
- exocytosis of digested bacteria form white blood cells
47
What are example of anabolic reactions
- synthesis of DNA from nucleotides
- synthesis of proteins from amino acids
48
What are examples of movement
- cellular movement of chromosomes via the spindle
- mechanical contraction of muscles
49
What is work in a living organism
The transfer of energy within a living organism to perform essential life processes, it requires energy and usable carbon compounds
50
What is the electron transport chain
- A Series of carrier proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
- cytochromes are proteins with a haem group attached that transfer electrons
51
What are the benefits of being able to respire anaerobically
- allows for the maximum yield of ATP in the conditions
- for ATP production so vital metabolic processes can continue
52
What is substrate level phosphorylation
Direct production of ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a phosphorylated intermediate to ADP
53
Are FAD or NAD a prosthetic group?
- they are both coenzymes
- FAD is considered a prosthetic group
54
How does ATP contribute to respiration, excluding its involvement in glycolysis
- synthesis of respiratory enzymes
- active transport of pyruvate from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix
55
What organelle is required for a cell to respire aerobically
-a mitochondria
- if a cell has no mitochondria it is unable to respire aerobically
56
What is an example of a source of ATP that doesn’t involve respiration
ATP can be formed from creatine phosphate
Biology
flashcards
Decks in class (19)
# Cards
-
5.1 - Communication And Homeostasis66
-
5.2 - Excretion117
-
5.4 - hormonal Comunictaion71
-
4.2 - Biodiversity154
-
4.3 - classification And Evolution139
-
4.1 - Communicable Diseases224
-
Photosynthesis70
-
The Nervous System87
-
DCPIP practical20
-
Practical Terminolgy6
-
Animal Responses93
-
Respiration56
-
Pracical - Investigating The Rate Of Respiration13
-
Practical - Repsirometer6
-
Plant Response43
-
Excretion - The Rest Is In Your Notes30
-
Biodeiversity 233
-
Statistics In Biology9
-
Vaccinations0
