Biotech

Question 1

Replication

Answer 1

DNA –> DNA (Semiconservative replication)
DNA (double stranded) is replicated in nucleus with help of several enzymes
*Main enzyme is DNA polymerase

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

DNA –> RNA
-Transcribed in nucleus with RNA polymerase

Question 3

RNA Polymerase

Answer 3

-Unwinds and unlinks two strands of DNA
-Template strand used by RNA polymerase
-RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides base complementary to DNA to make mRNA
-Newly formed RNA strand is single stranded
-Leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm

Question 4

Translation

Answer 4

RNA –> Amino acids bonded together (protein)
-Occurs in cytoplasm with help of ribosome
-Each mRNA codes for a specific amino acids that bond to make protein
-RNA read by using codon sequence

Question 5

DNA stands for

Answer 5

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 6

RNA stands for

Answer 6

Ribonucleic acid

Question 7

Trisomy 18

Answer 7

Edward’s syndrome

Question 8

Trisomy 21

Answer 8

Down syndrome

Question 9

DNA

Answer 9

Hereditary material inherited from past generations

Question 10

Chromosomes

Answer 10

DNA wrapped around proteins

Question 11

Where most DNA is

Answer 11

Nucleus
*Some in mitochondria or chloroplasts

Question 12

Karyotype

Answer 12

Picture of chromosomes

Question 13

Pair 23

Answer 13

Sex chromosomes
*XY = Male
*XX = Female

Question 14

Pair 1-22

Answer 14

Autosomes (Somatic chromosomes)

Question 15

Amniocentesis

Answer 15

Removal of amniotic fluid using needles/syringe for purpose of creating karyotype to look for genetic anomalies in chromosome numbers

Question 16

Trisomy

Answer 16

Genetic disorder where there are 3 chromosomes instead of 2

Question 17

Monosomy

Answer 17

Genetic disorder where there is only one chromosome instead of 2

Question 18

Genes

Answer 18

Genes are units of heredity that are passed from parents to offspring
-Section of DNA that have instructions to make 1 protein

Question 19

Gene expression

Answer 19

The creation of protein using the instructions in DNA protein to give traits

Question 19

Other things that express traits

Answer 19

Environment
*Epigenetics

Question 20

How many genes do you roughly have

Answer 20

20000

Question 21

Gene regulators

Answer 21

Molecules to bind to DNA to turn gene expression on/off to control cell function

Question 22

Genome

Answer 22

All hereditary info; complete set of human gene instructions

Question 23

Genomics

Answer 23

Study of how genetics work together to control phenotype

Question 24

Pehnotype

Answer 24

Physical trait created from protein

Question 25

Gene defq

Answer 25

Portion of DNA that codes for a protein

Question 26

DNA structure

Answer 26

-Double stranded biomolecule -Double helix and antiparallel -Sides of the ladder made from alternating deoxyribose sugar/phosphate molecules -Rung of ladder made up of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 27

Parts of nucleotide

Answer 27

-Deoxyribose sugar (at 3' end) -Phosphate group (at 5' end) -Nitrogenous base

Question 28

A

Answer 28

Adenine

Question 29

G

Answer 29

Guanine

Question 30

T

Answer 30

Thymine

Question 31

C

Answer 31

Cytosine

Question 32

Base pairs

Answer 32

How DNA length is counted

Question 33

U

Answer 33

Uracil

Question 34

Type of bond that holdes phosphate and sugar together

Answer 34

Covalent phosphodiester bond *is an intramolecular bond

Question 35

Bond that holds nitrogenous bases of double helix together

Answer 35

Intermolecular *Easier to break than intramolecular

Question 36

mRNA

Answer 36

Codes for protein

Question 37

rRNA

Answer 37

Makes ribosome

Question 38

tRNA

Answer 38

Bring in matching amino acid to the ribosome for the mRNA instructions to make protein

Question 39

Cloning

Answer 39

Organisms that are exactly genetic copies

Question 40

STEM cells

Answer 40

Build, maintain, repair body throughout life and can be manipulated to replace damaged organs/tissues

Question 41

First IVF

Answer 41

1977

Question 42

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

Answer 42

Blood clotting Kidney failures

Question 43

First pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

Answer 43

1990

Question 44

Plasmid

Answer 44

Small loop of DNA w/ several genes, easily passed between bacteria

Question 45

Recombinant plasmid

Answer 45

Plasmid w/ new foreign gene inserted into it

Question 46

Transformation

Answer 46

Getting cell to take up/in a plasmid from environment (Naturally or using chemical or electrical shock)

Question 47

Host cell

Answer 47

Cell that takes foreign DNA/engineered plasmid

Question 48

Hybrid

Answer 48

Offspring resulting from combining qualities of different organisms through sexual reproduction (selective breeding)

Question 49

Hybridization

Answer 49

Process of an animal or plant breeding with an individual of another species/variety

Question 50

Vector

Answer 50

Vehicle/method to deliver the gene of interest into cell

Question 51

Transduction

Answer 51

Insertion of information into bacterial cell from virus

Question 52

Restrictions enzymes

Answer 52

Enzyme that cuts DNA like scissors at specific nucleotide sequences

Question 53

Ligase

Answer 53

Enzyme that joins sections of DNA together

Question 54

Mutation

Answer 54

Change in DNA code

Question 55

Biopharming

Answer 55

Genetically engineering organism to make medical product

Question 56

Transgene

Answer 56

Gene is artificially introduced into genome of another organism

Question 57

Transfection

Answer 57

Process of introducing nucleic acid into eukaryotic cells by non viral methods

Question 58

Cas9

Answer 58

DNA cutting enzyme

Question 59

CRISPR

Answer 59

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

Question 60

Electrophoresis

Answer 60

Separates DNA by fragment size

Question 61

Genetic engineering

Answer 61

Deliberate modification of characteristics of an organism by manipulating genetic material

Question 62

Recombinant DNA

Answer 62

Molecules of DNA from two different species that is inserted into Host organism to produce new genetic combinations

Question 63

Polymerase Chain reaction

Answer 63

Photocopier making many copies of DNA or RNA sequence *amplification technique