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Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Protozoa phyla

A

-Cercozoa (Amoeba)
-Zoomastigia (Flagellates)
-Ciliphora (Cilliates)
-Sporozoa (Non-motile)

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2
Q

Slime molds phyla

A

-Myxomycota (Plasmodial s.m)
-Acrasimycota (Cellular s.m)
-Oomycota (Water molds)

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3
Q

Algae phyla (Uni)

A

-Euglenophyta (Euglenoids)
-Chrysophyta (Diatoms)
-Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)

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4
Q

Algae phyla (Multi)

A

-Rhodophytes (red)
-Phaeophytes (Brown)
-Cholorphytes (Green)

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5
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

-Eubacteria (“Blue green algae”)
-Photosynthetic
-Theorized to be responsible for start of oxygen generation on earth changing the atmo. to allow further life

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6
Q

Eubacteria

A

-Prokaryote
-Peptidoglycan cell wall
-Auto or hetero
-Flagella (gliding or non-motile)
-Mesophils (No extremes)
-Aerobic/anaerobic forms

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7
Q

Types of aerobes/anaerobes

A

-Facultative (Does not require)
-Obligate (Will die without)
*Refers to metabolic requirements

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8
Q

Pro. vs. Euk

A

-Pro = smaller
-Pro = Always uni.
-Pro = No mb organelles
-Pro = circle DNA
-Pro = Small ribosomes

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9
Q

Who made binomial nomenclature

A

Carl Linnaeus (Wow)

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10
Q

Taxon

A

Named level

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11
Q

Rank

A

Level (No specific name)

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12
Q

8 Ranks

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phyla
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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13
Q

Cladogram

A

Shows phylogenetic relationships

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14
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A

Same as cladogram but length of line relevant to amount of time

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15
Q

Carle Woese

A

Einstein of bio

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16
Q

Why important to identify species

A

-Poison vs. food
-Medicine
-Legality
-Invasiveness
-Proper care if endangered
-New

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17
Q

BF vs. Mitosis

A

BF = no phases
BF = Quick
BF = septum formation
BF = division of CELL

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18
Q

Hetero vs. auto

A

Auto = makes own food
Auto = Primary on food chain
Auto = phototroph/chemotroph

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19
Q

Photosynthesis

A

6H2O + 6CO2 –energy–> C10H12O6 = 6O2

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20
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

12H2S + 6CO2 + 12S —-> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 12S

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21
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Means to get new DNA in the form of new genes

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22
Q

Archeabacteria

A

-Prokaryote
-Cell wall (Though no PG/Cellulose/Chitin (Mysterious))
-MOST hetero
-Flagella (Glide or non-motile)
-Extremophiles (FUCK YEAH, CONCRETE!! (Like the extreme))
-Aerobe/anaerobe

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23
Q

Classifications of a. bacteria

A

-Methanogens (Give off methane gas)
-Halophile (Like salt)
-Thermo/acidophiles (Guess what? They like acid/heat)

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24
Q

Protist

A

-Eukaryote
-Some w/ cellulose cell walls
-Auto/hetero
-Sex. (Meiosis/fetilization)
-Cillia, flagella, amoeboid, contractile fibrils
-Classified by how they interact w/ food

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25
Fungi
-Euk. -Chitin cell wall -Hetero (Absorption is extracellular digestion) -YEAST is UNI. -Why did you think a mushroom could move??
26
Transduction
Requires virus
27
Conjugation
Requires donor
28
Transformation
Dumbass cell dies releasing DNA into environment
29
Species diversity
Variety/abundance of species in given area
30
Genetic div.
Variety of heritable traits in a population of interbreeding species
31
Ecosystem div.
Variety of ecosystems in a biome
32
Resilience
Ability for ecosystem to remain stable when disturbed
33
Red tide
Dinoflagellates reproduce fast = algal bloom = toxins = contaminates shellfish = photosynthetic pigments = red water
34
Coral bleaching
Rise in water temp = coral spits out photosynthetic protista (provides food)
35
Structures of algae
-Blades (Leaf looking) Hold fasts (Root looking)
36
Explain binary fission
Good conditions = cell elongates/copies DNA = Septum formed = Septum eventually splits = Now there were two
37
Classification of fungi
Ascomycota - Sac fungi (Yeast) Deuteromycota - imperfect fungi (Penicillin, blue cheese, anti-rejection drug) Basidiomycota - club fungi (Mushrooms) Zygomycota - form spores (Bread molds) Chytridmycota - Most uni. and aquatic (Often parasitic) Lichen* -symbiotic relation b/w fungi and green algae or blue green algae (Deer eat, makes litmus paper, yummy)
38
Endospore
Dormant bacterial cell able to survive for long periods of time during extremes
39
How do them shrooms eat?
-Parasitic (Requires host) -Predatory (Requires prey) -Mutualistic (Both benefit) -Saprobial (Requires dead thing)
40
When fungi not plants anymore? `
1960s
41
When eubacteria and protists different?
1930s
42
When archaebacteria not eubacteria?
1990s
43
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
44
VRE
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
45
Triclosan
Acts as preservative; can kill/remove bacteria
46
How does bacteria build resistance ?
-Creates enzyme to destroy antibiotics -Creates enzyme that attaches to antibiotic and makes it useless -DNA codes for a protein that creates a special cell in membrane to quickly pump out antibiotics
47
Endosymbiotic theory
-Large hetero., pro. host + small aerobic, pro., hetero. endosymbiont -Engulfment -Symbiotic relationship (Host get ATP, endosymbiont get protection) -Infolding of plasma membrane (Creates mb-organelles) (Animalia, some protists. fungi stop here) -Host + auto. pro. symbiont (likely cyanobacteria) -Engulfment^2 -Symbiotic relationship 2.0 (Host get ATP + Organic compounds, endosymbionts get protection) (Plants/some protista stop)
48
Plant classification
Plantae - Non-vascular (moss) --Vascular -Seedless (Fern) --Seed -Gymnosperm (pine) --Angiosperms (Flowering plants) --Monocot (Lilies) --daisies
49
Central dogma
How DNA is read -Transcription -Translation
50
Transcription
DNA is read ---> Creates mRNA
51
Translation
-mRNA sends to ribosome to translate and make protein -RNA puts back in DNA
52
Lytic cycle
-Attachment (Virus chemically recognizes cell and attaches whole virus or DNA/RNA enters) -Replication (Viral nucleic acid hijacks host cell and programs it to replicate it) -Assembly (All parts of virus assemble to create new viral particles) -Lysis/release (Viral particles released, host cell dies)
53
Lysogenic
-Attachment -Provirus formation (If RNA enters, it requires reverse transcriptase, if DNA enters first, creates retrovirus) -Replication (Copied during mitosis) -Cytokinesis (Daughter cells have viral DNA, cycle continues) -Provirus is triggered and enters lytic cycle
54
Provirus
Viral DNA integrates w/ host genome
55
Virus
-Nucleic acid + protein coat (capsid) *sometimes lipids and carbs -~200-400nm -Dormant without host -Host specific -Disease caused -Enzyme or nah
56
Unit or nucleic acid
Nucleotide
57
Nitrogenous bases (DNA)
-Adenine -Guanine -Cytosine -Thymine
58
Nitrogenous bases (RNA)
-Adenine -Guanine -Cytosine -Uracil
59
Host cell
The one that engulfs the other via endosymbiosis
60
Endosymbiont
Cell that was engulfed by endosymbiosis
61
Notochord
Flexible supporting rod of cells that exists in the embryos of all chordates. Some replaced w/ backbone
62
Exoskeleton
hard, rigid external covering that supports and protects an animal's body
63
Cartilage
strong, flexible, and rubbery connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber, reduces joint friction, and provides structural support throughout the body
64
Monocot vs Dicot
-Mono petals pattern in 4 or 5/Di petals pattern in 3 -Mono have parallel veins in leaf/Di have net-like -Mono stems green/Di stems woody
65
Evidence of endosymbiotic theory
-Membranes of chloroplasts/mitochondria similar to those of living pro. -These organelles use binary fission -Each contain CIRCULAR DNA -Genes of chloroplasts match closely to cyanobacteria -Ribosomes in these organelles similar to pro ribosomes rather than Euk
66
Antibiotic
Type of medicine used against bacterial disease
67
Effects of antibiotics on human microbiome
-Cause disruption for function of microbiota -Decreases microbial diversity
68
Where do we first get microbiome
-Birth canal -Environment -Being handled as baby
69
Coelum
Main fluid filled body cavity in most animals surrounding organs
70
Animalia groups
-Vertebrates (Chordata) -Invertebrates (8 phylum)
71
Animal phylum
-Chordata (HUMANS) -Porifera (Sponge) -Cnidarians (HYDRA, jellyffish) -Platyhelminths (Tapeworm) -Nematoda (Pinworms) -Annelida (Earthworm) -Mollusca (Snail) -Echinodermata (Starfish) -Arthropoda (Crab)
72
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