Bird 4 Flashcards by Jessica Bibby

Chlamydiosis what birds affect, stress, zoonosis and the 3 species

Affects - corallers, cockatiels, pigeons, ducks
Stress often leads to reactivation of latent infection
ZOONOTIC - notifiable
C. psittaci
○ Serious diseases in a rage of bird species and mammals - in Europe
○ Conflicting reports on prevalence and pathogenesis in chickens
C. avium
○ Respiratory disease
○ Found in pigeons, parrots and possibly wild birds
C. gallinacea - in Australia
○ Gallinaceous birds and ducks
○ Clinical signs in chickens and zoonotic potential to be investigated - no evidence of illness

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Chlamydiosis clinical signs, lesions and diagnosis

Clinical Signs
	- Conjunctivitis
	- Rhinitis &amp; sinusitis
	- Diarrhea
	- Depression
	- Anorexia
	- Weight loss
	- Sudden death
Lesions 
- Polyserositis 
- Hepatitis 
- Splenomegaly
Diagnosis 
- Gamesa stain 
- Histopathology 
- PCR - best way to identify the strain 
- Immunocomb -> detects antibodies NOT pathogen itself so lesions may not be 
- Take swab from eye of the bird or post mortem tissue lesions

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Chlamydiosis treatment and prevention and control

Treatment
- Warn clients of zoonotic potential and shedding of pathogen particularly in faeces of the recovered birds
- Supportive therapy
- Tetracyclines for a prolonged period - 6 week
○ Doxycycline is reportedly the most effective to use
Prevention and control
- Carrier birds
- Quarantine
- Hygiene
- stress
- Periodic medication

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Avian heart anatomy, heart rate and blood pressure

Right ventricle -> thinner than the left
Left ventricle -> bulk of the heart - thick wall
AV valves -> muscular flap
Heart rate - 200-400/m
Blood pressure
○ 140-200 systolic
○ 130-150 diastolic

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What are the 3 main diseases of the heart

Cardiomyopathy
Acute heart failure (SDS)
Chronic heart failure (ascites)

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Cardiomyopathy what production system is important, lesions present and clinical signs

Important in production systems as select for increase muscle mass (pectorals) with same size heart -> unable to pump enough blood around the increase muscle mass
Degenerative lesions in the myocardium of right and/or left ventricle can lead to reduced cardiac function - can lead to ventricular failure
Clinical Signs
○ Right ventricular failure -> pressure into vena cava and causes congestion/swelling of liver, oedema and ascites
○ Left ventricular failure -> pressure back in lungs, leading to pulmonary congestion and oedema

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Cardiomyopathy and predisposing factors

○ Increased metabolic/growth rate
○ Reduced oxygen tension
○ Genetic predisposition
○ Infectious
○ Nutritional
○ Toxic (sodium, furazolidone, ionophores)

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Acute heart failure (SDS) what also called, how common, predisposing factors, pathogenesis and prevention

“sudden death syndrome”
Common in broiler birds
Predisposing factors
○ Fast-growing males
○ Sudden death
○ Flip over
Pathogenesis
○ Ventricular fibrillation - metabolic?
○ Triggered by sudden excitement
Prevention
○ Period of darkness to slow down growth?
○ Anything to slow down growth

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Chronic hear failure what also called, common in, lesions and pathogenesis

(ascites syndrome) 
- Common in broiler birds 
- Lesions 
○ Pleural effusion 
○ Lungs pale, fibrin, small 
○ Ascites
○ Heart enlarged -> most common finding  
- Pathogenesis 
a. Rapid growth and high metabolic rate 
b. Increase oxygen demand 
c. Increase blood flow and increase CO (especially if hypoxic, anaemia, Hypervolaemia) 
d. Pulmonary arterial pressure increase 
e. Right ventricular hypertrophy 
f. Valvular insufficiency -> RVD(right ventricular dilation) -> RVF (right ventricular failure) 
g. Liver congestion and oedema
h. ASCITES

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What are the 2 other causes of ascites, abdominal distention and blood vessels

Other causes of ascites 
- Increased vascular pressure 
- Blockage of lymphatic drainage 
Abdominal distention due to accumulation of fluids 
- Peritonitis 
- Cystic right oviduct 
Diseases of the blood vessels 
- Atherosclerosis 
- Aortic rupture - internal haemorrahaging and mortality - blood clots and ruptured aorta diagnostic

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What are the main diseases of the haematopoietic system

Anaemia
Haemorrhagic syndrome
○ Infectious
○ Mycotoxicosis
○ Sulphonamides
Tumours
Parasites
○ Microfilaria
○ Protozoa
§ Atoxoplasma

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crop wash how to perform

Need to consider the tube going to use -> solid tube for parrots, if not long enough use a mouth gag, soft tube for pigeons
0.5 – 2ml sterile saline (crop wash), maximally hold and stretch the neck
Hold with left hand, oesophagus on the right side so thumb will be along side the oesophagus
Holding onto the tube (not syringe) move it on the underside of the top beck from left to right side of the mouth down into oesophagus
Will feel it slide down alongside the thumb and confirm via feeling the trachea and crop tube as two different structures
Draw the whole lot back into syringe, onto slip and add coverslip (crop wash)

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What are the 3 important rule of the ventrodorsal and lateral view on radiograph

Ventrodorsal View
- Hourglass appearance of organs - should fit between lines between shoulders and hips
- Good alignment – keel bone directly over back bone
- Heart rule – measure width of heart, ratio with the width of the chest >60% - enlargement
Lateral View
- Good alignment - acetabulum directly overlying each other
- Gizzard is important landmark (can see with grit) needs to be in direct line with acetabulum
- Heart rule – measure length of heart against length of sternum >40% - enlargement

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Faecal float what does it so ,technique and what can see with treatment

CONCENTRATES the parasite eggs on cover slips -> able to pick up low worm burdens
No oil emersion with condenser down
Techniques - Collect poo, mix with sodium nitrate, smash up contents with green canister, fill contain with salt solution, place cover slip and sit for 10mins, look at cover slip under the microscope
What can see – Nematode (Capillaria, ascarids), cestode (tapeworm)
Treatment
Nematodes -> benzimidazoles, MLs, Pyrantel
Coccidia -> coccidicidal – toltrazuril, coccidiostats – sulphonamide

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wet preparation technique and what can you see

Not concentrated so can miss low worm burdens
Techniques - Small amount of faecal material on the slide (use the back end of the swab), add a few drops of sterile saline (prevent lysing of the cells), mix solution with faeces, place cover slip on top and look under the microscope
What can see
X 40 zoom -> coccidia oocysts, flagellated organisms (giardia, trichomonas)
Bacteria (caeca – higher proportion of rods, without caeca – higher proportion of rods
Fungi – candida (large amounts with disease), avian gastric yeast – 1 per high power field requires treatment

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What are treatment options for flagellates, trichomonas, budding yeast, fungal hyphae, avian gastric yeast

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Protozoa
-Flagellates – Metronidazole 
-Trichomonas – Ronidazole 
Fungi 
-Budding yeast (snowmen)– Nystatin
-Fungal hyphae – Itraconazole 
-Avian gastric yeast – Amphotericin B

sunflower seeds composition and consequences

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Composition
- High energy and fat
- Low protein
- Low fibre – Birds “dehusk” the seed and remove fibre content
- Low in vitamins and minerals
- Low calcium
Consequences
1) Lipomas – Fatty lumps
2) Fatty liver disease
3) Abdominal hernias
- More common in female birds - High fat -> Precursor for reproductive hormones
- Egg puts pressure on abdominal contents
- Oestrogen softens muscle -> Weakened abdominal musculature
4) Egg binding - Too much fat around the pelvic canal and Deficient in calcium
5) Metabolic Bone Disease
- Low calcium and protein to supply the developing egg/foetus
- Causes bendy bones, pathological fractures

Vegetables what higher in, what is milk thistle good fr and bad vegetables

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Best option
Higher in essential vitamins
-> Particularly vitamin A
-> Important for mucosal health (Deficiency = Sinusitis, Oral lesions)
Milk thistle – Good for liver detoxification
Bad vegetables
Onion – Haemolytic anaemia
Avocado – Liver disease, pericardial effusion
Rhubarb

pellets why a good option, what provide and why recommended diet

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Good option – Contain seeds, grains, calcium, some fat content removed
Provide a “balanced” diet and stop birds from selectively feeding on the food items they enjoy
Despite what packaging says -> Not complete and balanced (No diet can be complete for all species)
Diet - 50% pellets and 50% vegetables

Grit what are the 2 types, what do they do and examples

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1) Soluble Grit
- Little digestive function -> Dissolve in the gizzard
- Good source of calcium and trace elements
- Ie. Shell grit, Cuttlefish bone
2) Insoluble Grit
- Helps digest and grind food
- Essential for birds that do not dehusk their seed, but swallow it whole (Pigeons, poultry, quail, pheasants)
- Ie. Sand, Fine Gravel

Pigeons what additionaly food do they need

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Athletic birds
Require higher protein mix -> Development of pectoral muscles for flight
Pigeon seed
1. Legumes
2. High protein
3. Not a complete diet

Lorikeets what is special about them

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Anatomy designed for nectar, pollen and soft-bodied insect ingestion
Feathery ends on tongue
Vetafarm brand is the best
Can be fed wet or dry
Must wash their bowel every day -> High sticky sugar will cause bacterial/fungal growth

hospital patients how feed and how much for bird, parrot, baby parrot and pigeons

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Use crop feeding tube
Serve mixture warm (38-39 degrees) -> If it’s too cold -> Shock crop -> Crop stasis
Amount
1. Unknown bird/species/requirements – 3% body weight is safe
2. Parrot– 7% body weight
3. baby parrots – 10%
4. Adult pigeons – 10%

caeca in chickens, parrots, pigeons and finches

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chickens - caeca long
parrots - absence
pigeons and finches - short

Post moretem examination

1) put on PPE 2) weigh and wet down bird 3) cut through skin on legs and abdomen 4) cut through ribs, clavicle, coracoid and remove sternum 5) systemic approach 6) submission of specimens 7) write a report with diagnosis and recommendations

how to submit specimens for microbiologcal examination and histological examination with post mortems

1) Microbiological examinations oA large piece of specimen removes using sterile equipment oSwabs taken after searing surface with scalpel blade for cytology and culture oIf immediate examination cannot occur refrigerate 2) Histological examination oExcise <1cm piece of affect tissue with sharp scalpel blade to not squish tissue and place in a jaw of formalin

Bird 4 Flashcards

(26 cards)