Birds 1 Flashcards

Question

Chicken infectious anaemia (CIA) what caused by and significance

Answer 1

Caused by a Gyrovirus (A type of Circovirus) ○ Very resistant Significance - Clinical disease ○ Poor growth and performance, - Immunosuppression -> secondary infections such as E.coli, Staphylococcus etc. - Vaccine contamination with other vaccines -> have to be recalled ○ Especially important for specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens

Answer 2

``` Transmission - Vertical (if affected during lay) ○ As soon as develop antibodies no longer sheds the disease that’s why vaccinate the mother - Horizontal - Signs only in progeny Diagnosis - Gross lesions ○ Thymus atrophy (most common but non-specific) and pale bone marrow (DIAGNOSIS) - CIA PCR - ELISA Control - Vaccination of the parent flock "prior to the point of lay" ```

Answer 3

- Leads to immunosuppression in not just chickens such as pigeons, parrots - Cause inclusion bodies

Answer 4

- Infectious bursal disease - Chicken Infectious Anaemia - MD, LL & RET - Pigeon circovirus infection - Psittacine Beak & Feather Disease - Polyomavirus - Mycotoxicosis - Nutritional deficiencies - Stress

Answer 5

(a) Fluffed up, the head tucked under a wing. (b) Inactive. (c) Not calling or responding to calls. (d) Eyes closed. (e) Movements of the head are slow. (f) Posture is unusual. (g) On bottom of the cage. (h) Breathing noticeable or audible. Bobbing of the tail - indication of respiratory distress (i) Vent is soiled - dirty bottom (j) Any discharge from the nostrils. (k) Singing birds stops singing or change in voice. ○ Via the syrinx -> deep in the chest (1) Not eating or not passing normal droppings. (m) Excessive stretching of wings, and legs or shivering. (n) Body weight of the bird is declining.

Answer 6

- Parrot beaks hurt - so want to have control of ○ Control head (long cervical vertebrae) gently stretch the head than support their body close to chest - Birds of prey can cause damage with their feet. - Pigeons need body support. - Fowl, control wings and support body. - Swans and other long neck species, control the neck. - Use a towel NOT gloves - Need to move their chest to breathe -> don't push against chest - Rough handling of a tame bird can cause significant trust issues. - Often owners don’t know how to handle their birds -> get the bird from the cage yourself - Cause minimal stress. - Handle the bird as little as possible

Answer 7

- Sometimes it is helpful to have clients fill out questionnaires before their initial consultation - SAVE - Often a bird is stressed from the car ride into the clinic and from the waiting room, so consultation should always start with history taking and observation before touching the bird - May need to put bird into oxygen chamber before consult if very stressed/sick

Answer 8

- age, - details of why the bird was bought in - information about diet - how the bird is kept, is it an aviary bird? - Has it been hand reared and how? Is it a breeding bird? - what is the birds daily routine? - what environment factors may be significant. - Is the bird in contact with other birds - Previous medical history - Detailed history of husbandry ○ cage location, sleep at night, available perches, toys to play with, branches to chew, access to UV light, what is the substrate at the bottom of the cage?

Answer 9

Examination of cage and environment - very important - encourage owners to bring in the cage (uncleaned) with the bird (or take a picture of the cage) ○ Generally not communicable diseases as not exposed to other birds more about husbandry - It’s a good idea to talk to the owner and get the history giving the bird time to relax and settle in the cage, a bird that comes in already fluffed up may be very sick, but birds will try and hide their illness.

Answer 10

- If bird is breathing and panting rapidly and doesn’t turn to bite when loosen grip. - If the bird doesn’t bite at something presented to the corner of the mouth. - If the bird doesn’t grasp the hand or has a weak grasp with its feet. - If the birds eyes are closed during the examination - If in doubt put it down.

Answer 11

1) fresh towels 2) scales to weight the bird - needs to go down to 1 gram, weigh throughout the treatment 3) training perch - the examine on 4) stethoscope - focal light source, needles and syringes 5) mouth gag - to prevent biting down 6) grinder - grind down beck and nails 7) crop tubing- giving water/food, medication

Answer 12

- Warmth - Low light - Small cage - restricts movement - Quiet room - Monitor droppings - Isolate When transporting - As above - Remove water bowls - Get owner to bring in food and any existing meds so bird can be offered its normal diet if it has to stay.

Answer 13

- respiratory system, no diaphragm, air sac system (9 air sacs in most birds), tubular lung tissue attached to ribs and rigid tracheal rings. - integument – thin skin covered with feathers used for flight, temperature regulation, protection and display ○ Cannot do normal skin tenting -> all papery skin - large keel bone resulting in a small abdominal area - Large pectoral muscles for flight - Skeleton – medulla-cortex ratio, pneumatic bones (don't inject into bones - femur and humerus), no teeth, back bone mainly fused

Answer 14

- Digestive system – crop, proventriculus and gizzard (with back and forward movement of food) and cloaca ○ Food moves in both directions, blockage will not see large loops of bowl - Urogenital system - Internal gonads and egg layers with 1 developed uterine horn. ○ Kidneys attached to the backbone and pelvis, main waste product is uric acid and no bladder.

Answer 15

- Clip last 10 primary flight feathers - Don't clip just one side Nails - Why long? ○ Nutritional ○ Fungal/bacterial ○ Mites Microchips - Rarely anaesthetise a bird -> no more painful than injections with the small microchips - Shallow left breast

Answer 16

1. Manual restraint -> generally only when anaesthetised, protective gloves, aprons, shields 2. Taping the conscious bird to the Film packet or cassette - NOT ACROSS THE CHEST 3. Anaesthetize then position with tape or manual restraint - stress from anaesthetic lower than restraint while awake 4. When considering GA ensure the bird is well enough to handle it. 5. Where specific information only is required, placing the bird in a cone of cardboard, paper roll or piece of stocking knotted at both ends will suffice. - An x-ray of this kind is very useful in a sick bird that is a high GA risk but is often not a good technique if detail is required. 6. Standing a tame bird on a perch and shooting an x-ray with a horizontal beam

Answer 17

○ Good alignment results in the marrow cavity of the sternum being clearly marked and directly over the backbone. ○ Good alignment of the lateral x-ray will have the acetabulum directly overlying each other.

Answer 18

1. Skeletal - Fractures, arthritis, bone density - increased medullary bone density in laying hens 2. Respiratory - Congestion, air sac disease, sinus changes, lung congestion, air saculitis ○ Air sac are full of air so good negative contrast available 3. Coelomic organs - GI Obstructions, dissensions and enlargements , fb’s, reproductive disease, organ enlargement. 4. Body cavity - Masses, fluid, hernia, ascites, kidney enlargement, testes or ovary changes, eggs,

Answer 19

- Gizzard is important landmark (can see with grit) needs to be in direct line with acetabulum ○ Abdomen issues is the gizzard in the right position??

Answer 20

- Contrast studies of the gastro-intestinal tract are possible . - Volume of Barium – depends on the species and size – care when under GA, GA will also delay gut movement. - Normal passage time of barium through the GI tract is: ○ 0 sec Crop +/- proventriculus ○ 15-30 minutes Crop, proventriculus, gizzard and proximal half of intestine, 60 minutes Entire GIT ○ 4 hours Crop empty; varying amounts in remainder of GIT. - Air can be introduced into crop for negative contrast or, following barium, for double contrast studies. - Outlining the GI tract can also enhance visualisation of structures adjacent to the tract and may obscure others.

Answer 21

CT SCAN - CT scan can give a great understanding of structural change, producing 3D imaging of organs. - Best for bony structures, but is still good for soft tissue. MRI takes longer and more difficult in avian (longer anaesthetic), it may give better soft tissue contrast. ULTRASOUND - Good for heart and fluid filled cavities -> NOT GOOD FOR AIR SACS - Probe between feather tracts and using alcohol gel may help with picture quality.

Answer 22

1. Jugular vein -> large right jugular and smaller left -> common ○ Large blood vessels, need to control the head to ensure not bitten 2. Wing vein 3. Medial metatarsal vein -> better for ducks and chickens - Long bleeding time -> need to be careful with the amount of blood you are taking ○ Rule of thumb 1% of body weight - Generally don't need to anaesthetise however if not confident anaesthetising can be done

Answer 23

- Lithium heparin tubes often better - Needs to be done manually as no counters for nucleated RBC cells - may estimate which is not accurate - 5% presence of immature RBC's normally as high turnover rate - every 30 days - A general blood examination includes CBC ○ Should include TP, Uric acid, AST, glucose, Haematology, PCV, WCC and blood film

Answer 24

- Liver ○ AST (hepatocellular damage), GLDH (sig liver damage if increase), LDH (mostly muscle), ALT (not helpful in birds), bile acids (decreased liver function), CK (is AST liver or not? - could muscle disease or VitE/selenium deficiency) § Most common bile pigment in birds is biliverdin but no test available for it - Kidney ○ Uric acid - main excretory product so good kidney function, Urea - dehydration, Creatinine- not helpful in avian med - GI ○ Amylase and Lipase, Electrolyte changes, CK, AST and LDH - Blood glucose ○ Don't regulate mainly via insulin but by glucagon ○ much higher normal blood glucose ○ Treatment -> insulin not as good as glucagon

Answer 25

- Cloaca -> 3 parts of the dropping -> urine, urates and faeces - Sloppy/diarrhoea -> gastrointestinal - Decreased dropping - generalised clinical signs - Change in colour -> bright green result from liver disease (biliverdin not being reabsorbed)

Answer 26

1) Antigen IgG tests ○ Sometimes sub clinically infected without high levels of antibodies produced 2) PCR test -> can take a while to come back ○ Conjunctiva around the eye, roll around cloaca - Specific and sensitivities of the test

Answer 27

1. Stress or excitement 2. Egg laying 3. Species - lorrikeets and other nectar feeders 4. Diet - increase green food or vegetables 5. Toxicity - heavy metals 6. Diabetes mellitus 7. Multiple systemic disease Usually associated with LOW INTAKE

Answer 28

- If suspicion of avian flu or Newcastle disease then notify DVO without proceeding further. - Birds should be wet down before any post mortem. - Mask and glove and prepare all sample pots and equipment before commence. - Systematic approach allows you to more easily pick out abnormalities. - Tissues for toxicology and PCR should be frozen.

Answer 29

- Neonate - totally nude, fully reliant on parents for warmth, food, protection - Nestling- start to open eyes, move around, develop feather, create own warmth - Fledgling - moving out of the nest, learning to fly, dependent on parent for food still - Weanling- starts to eat by itself, illegal to sell non-weaned birds in Australia - GENERALLY WHEN BUY PETS

Answer 30

- Juvenile - still reliant on parent to learn to live -> now in human world and getting mixed signals ○ At this point still need cuddling and pampered - Adolescent - when reproductive hormones click in -> problems with sexual behaviours -> chasing and bonding - Adult - sexual behaviours start to settle, now cycling through reproductive cycles ○ Changing bad behaviours at this stage is quite difficult It’s important that developmental cues are met

Answer 31

- In the non-breeding season a bird spend their time in social interaction, foraging and maintenance behaviour - 3 main behaviours ○ Social interaction - depending on owner can be very small amount of time in the day ○ Foraging - don't need to do any foraging generally ○ Maintenance - grooming, sorting out feathers -> SPEND MOST OF THE TIME HERE IN CAPTIVITY - excessive maintenance issues

Answer 32

- Poor hand rearing - nursery flocks are important for galahs - Poor husbandry - Birds kept in cage and only allowed out for short periods - Birds on high fat high energy diets - Poor training techniques - Poor knowledge of normal Bird life and no implementation of stimulation’s to encourage normal behaviours - Inappropriate stimulations

Answer 33

- Behaviour consults can take time and may take several consults before the problem is under control or healed, consider using detailed questionnaires. There are many published examples of such questionnaires. - Extended consults may be necessary, don’t try and solve the problem in 1 go. AVOID - Avoid sexual behaviours such as nose rubbing excessive petting and grooming, allowing the bird to groom the owner and do sexual acts on the owner.

Answer 34

1. Screeching 2. Biting 3. Feather plucking 4. Aggression - irritation, sexual frustration 5. Inappropriate sexual behaviour 6. Phobia 7. Territoriality

Answer 35

- One of the most common problems result from owners not choosing the right bird. - choice of bird should be based on a number of criteria including ○ whether the owner has past experience with birds ○ what the owner wants to do with the bird ○ what sort of environment and social interactions the owner can reasonable expect to provide for the bird ○ what level of care the owner intends to provide

Answer 36

Seeds - Really low in essentials nutrients -> vitamins, minerals and amino acids - Extremely high in fat - Birds will pick out favourite seeds -> such as sunflower seeds Pellets - Not full nutritional value - But can mix with vegetables - better base diet than seeds Natural supplements - Gum leaves, nuts and flowers - Other native flowers eg Banksia, bottle brush etc - Seeding grasses - Milk thistle - Dandelions

Answer 37

1. Obesity 2. Vitamin A Deficiency (Eclectus) 3. Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D3 & Metabolic Bone Disease 4. Vitamin E deficiency 5. Vitamin K 6. Goiter

Answer 38

- To minimize stress to the bird try and minimize the length of stay in the clinic. - Ensure the crop is empty prior to ga, because of the birds high metabolic rate and low liver glycogen storage it has been recommended not to fast beyond 2-3 hours. - Tracheal tube – non cuffed or cannulation of the air sac Ippv (positive pressure ventilation) is often best but not always necessary.

Answer 39

Pre med 1) butorphenol 2) midazolam - sedative Induction -- Injectable drugs such as ketamine combinations (esp ket/ medetomidine or ket/diazepam) are useful in anseriformes and larger birds such as ostriches. Maintenance - Isoflurane gives good rapid induction and recovery, it is very safe almost entirely excreted by the respiratory system. ○ Delivery with non-rebreathing circuit, O2 flow rates at about 150-200ml/kg/min - Halothane - highly toxic for birds

Answer 40

Soft silicon tubing Trachea -> Wide cranially and narrows as go through thoracic inlet - Need to consider this when choosing size of the intubation Tie around tube, around bottom beck and around the back of the neck Air sac tube - Caudal thoracic behind the ribs on the left - Can do if need to investigate the mouth and throat

Answer 41

- Monitoring with doppler, stethoscope, pulse oximeter, capnograph, blood pressure, ECG - Warmth, bear hugger system can be goof and an anaesthetic warmer (heat the air from the anaesthetic), heat mats ○ Lose heat very quickly -> warmth is vital - Warmed fluids Anaesthetic depth -- Care of the eye closest to the table -> lubricant gel - Apnoea and hypoventilation are the most common experienced problems, IPPV is ideal. - Respiratory rate and tidal volume should be monitored

Answer 42

- Recovery is often very quick. - Ensure the bird is warm always. - A period of O2 delivery is beneficial, as the bird starts to wake up it will start to have muscle twitches, extubating should occur at the start of jaw movement, at this time it is often best to wrap lightly in a towel as the bird can start flapping its wings as it starts to recover. - Transfer patient to a recovery box – preferably a dark box with the ability to see in and observe the bird without causing distress.

Answer 43

- Alcohol can cool the bird -> gently scrub Minimal feather pluck - never flight feather, avoid excessive wetting and using a lot of alcoholic tincture, pluck in direction that they grow

Answer 44

1) broken legs 2) lump removal 3) reproductive problems/surgeries 4) warts 5) surgical sexing and endoscopy

Answer 45

1. Broken legs - orthopaedics ○ Pin the leg, stabilise above and below the joint ○ Sticky tape bandage 2. Lump removal ○ Lipomas on the chest in galahs are common with seed diets § Fat may also grow on the liver - anaesthetic risk § Can get reduction in the lump with nutritional correction - better surgery outcomes Surgical sexing and endoscopy ○ Now can do DNA sexing ○ Common site is in the left side - reproductive, kidneys, liver and lungs

Answer 46

○ Egg bound -> emergency to stabilise the bird not remove the egg § Once stabilised generally can pass the egg itself ○ Hernias -> cockatoos commonly get hernias § Generally due to poor exercise, diet and hormonal changes § Need to surgically fix and fix the underlying reason it occurred in the first place

Answer 47

1) Halothane gas - ideal for small birds 2) lethobarb acceptable - Dilute 1:1 with water ○ It is not acceptable to inject lethabarb into the air sacs and the heart is often difficult to injected as it is well guarded by the sternum. 3) cervical dislocation - not in front of owner and consider doing this under GA 4) Can use IM pentobarbital, there could be considerable pain as the injection is highly irritant, use sedation with midazolam or butorphenol first.

Answer 48

1. Weigh bird before post-mortem examination 2. Carcasses soaked in water and detergent to minimise the risk of cross contamination by feather 3. Cut the skin between leg and abdomen on each side and then remove the skin 4. Cut through ribs, clavicle and coracoid bones and remove the sternum to fully expose viscera

Answer 49

Neck and head - Nasal cavity, infraorbital sinuses - Oral cavity and larynx - Trachea, oesophagus, crop, thymus lobes (mainly younger birds) and vagus nerves Skeleton and joints - Especially with lameness all joints need to be examined - Longitudinal sections of long bones to examine growth plate and avascular cartilages ○ Medullary bones (femur) show irregular endosteal surfaces and this shouldn't be confused with reactive bone

Answer 50

- Volume and colour of pectoral muscles ○ Good indicators of bird health -> different based on species, breed - Insect air sacs then remove heart, liver and alimentary system to expose lungs, kidneys and reproductive system - Separate liver, spleen, heart and insect separately - Cut each section of alimentary system and search for evidence of distension, discolouration ○ If lesions present prepare wet mucosal smear and look for parasites - In mature birds need to examine reproductive system including ovary/oviduct or testes

Answer 51

1) flock ID/shed number 2) flock type 3) age and strain of birds 4) flock history 5) clinical signs and lesions 6) how long symptoms and approx percentage of flock with these signs 7) mortality 8) does the flock have a history of other ilness 9) vaccination history 10) current medications

Answer 52

- seen asap, acute change in number and appearance of droppings, acute decrease in food intake, change in attitude/personality/behaviour, fluffed up posture, decreased vocalization, change in breathing or respiratory noise, acute enlargement or swelling of any body part, bleeding or injury, vomiting or regurgitation, discharge from eyes or mouth. - Seen within 24 hours, change in water consumption, change in weight and body condition, discharge from nostrils, change in the droppings, decrease food uptake.

Answer 53

- Warmth, fluids and minimal stress remains the mainstay of treatments - clients preparation - oxygenation - 40-50% oxygen - prolonged can lead to toxicity - Monitor - pcv, tp blood cytology. FLUIDS - deliver fluids at body temperature (about 40-41°C) - Check for dehydration - skin colour, blanch the basilic vein -> Skin tenting -> more subjective and difficult to interpret in birds Capillary refill time -> wing vein

Answer 54

- Maintenance requirements of parrots and raptors; 50ml/kg/day or 5% body weight, small species (eg passerines), may require up to 8% body weight. - If a 10% dehydration is assumed, 50% of this deficit is replaced in the first 24 hours and the remainder over the following 2 days ie – Day 1 – 5% (maintenance)+5% (dehydration) = 10% of body weight. – Day2 – 5% +2.5% = 7.5% body weight. – Day3 – 5% +2.5% = 7.5% body weight Ongoing losses needs to be added onto this - total volume over a 24 hour period, every 4-6 hours - less often larger bolus, depends on the type of bird

Answer 55

1) oral fluids 2) subcutaneous 3) intravenous 4) intraosseous

Answer 56

- mild dehydration, useful in conjunction fluid treatments, can use rehydration products or rearing mixes to also provide nutritional value -> weigh the bird and ensure it is gaining weight not losing when give nutritional - 30ml/kg PO q 6-8h may be used in larger birds (parrots) such as waterfowl - In pssitacine (finches, magpies) birds the volume should not exceed 20ml/kg may repeat when the crop is empty. - Can use crop tubes - doesn't have muscular sphincter to close it off and stop regurgitation -> aspiration risk so ensure right amount ○ Should be the last treatment before place in the recovery cage -> otherwise may manipulate causing regurgitation - Do not administer oral fluids if: seizures, recumbency, unconscious, regurgitation, crop stasis, concussion from head trauma -> Due to aspiration

Answer 57

- warm fluids can be given with minimal restraint - will help warm the bird and then helps with absorption - Sites- intrascapular area, flank, area over the pectoral muscles or the axilla (not behind the neck as there is risk of entering an airsac, or vascular complex in pigeons). - Maintain fluids in an incubator means warm fluids are always ready - Not for Severely debilitated birds, they won’t absorb it properly

Answer 58

- severely debilitated birds, can kill the bird trying to restrain. - IV cellulose (10-15mg/kg q8h for 1-4 treatments is indicated for hypoproteinemic patients (<2.0g/dL) - Use of pediatric catheters and syringe pumps. - IV bolus can be given, but a big bolus will give hypervolemia and polyurea with less retained. The jugular, basilic, wing or medial tarsal vein can all be used -> problem keeping the catheter (29 g)

Answer 59

- Distal ulna or proximal tibia - not pneumatic bones - Good for shock treatment and surgical fluids. - Painful to insert, best to do under general anaesthetic - Use spinal needle as have stylet that prevent bone being stuck at the end of the needle

Answer 60

a. Bleeding/Broken feathers b. Bleeding/broken Nails and Beaks c. Ring constriction d. Cat bites e. Oil contamination f. Not eating g. Egg binding h. Acute respiratory disease i. Air sac rupture, j Seizures k. Fractures l. Poisonings

Answer 61

1) warmth 2) injectable calcium 3) oxytocin, PGE2 4) anaesthesia of bird if going to manipulate egg and use lube - partially prolapse oviduct, incise and remove egg then return oviduct 5) a true caesarean - midline incision and egg removal Diagnosis - x-rays Prolapsed egg and oviduct requires urgent attention.

Answer 62

- Presents as vomiting, dehydration, and a severe haemorrhagic diarrhea/poly urea Treatment - Calcium EDTA (30-35mg/kg bid 5 days on 2 days off as needed IM or IV, oral can be used for metal in the gut) - laxatives orally may help to empty the gizzard (e.g. Peanut butter, Metamucil). - Fluid support is vital. - Antibiotics may be required for secondary GIT disease - retrieval of metal often difficult - Oral penacillinamine for long term treatment Diagnosis based on response to treatment

Answer 63

1) IM - most common, not if cause pain and muscle necrosis, in pectoral muscle NOT the legs due to the renal portal system - circulation from the leg goes through kidney first (toxicity or decrease dose to rest of the body) 2) SC - common but generally not therapeutic use just fluids 3) fluids - may be necessary in very ill patients - want to avoid haematoma formation

Answer 64

- diagnostic work including cbc, faecal and crop gram stains and other specific tests, justify antibiotic use with evidence and reason. - commonly gram negative organisms cause severe debilitating disease but so can staphs and streps. 1) tetracyclines (doxycycline) - psittacosis (oral or IM) 2) penicillin and clavulanic acid - 100mg/kg - CHICKENS -> production animal -> shouldn't use baytril

Answer 65

- drugs acting more strongly on inhibition of cox-2 are better - not registered for use in birds - These have been known to cause gastric ulceration and bleeding as well as kidney problems (especially some of the older generation medications) - need to monitor kidneys if long-term treatment - Meloxicam and carprophen (chickens, ducks -> tablet form) have become popular drugs for short term or long term arthritis pain.

Answer 66

- most reliable way to medicate orally, however the absorption of some common bird medications can be effected by foods they eat eg doxycycline - Often sick birds will have dilated and flaccid crops, this may be due to secondary problems such as ileus, a crop full of medications won't be absorbed and is easily aspirated.

Answer 67

- useful way of treating respiratory disease, it will provide humidity, medication and warmth without touching the bird. - Very useful in air sac disease. - F10 is commonly used and very useful to nebulise. - Nebulised particles however need to be very small to penetrate the air capillaries, ideally 3μm.

Answer 68

- Oil based treatments will clog the feathers and can then cause gastro and respiratory problems as the bird grooms. - DON'T USE - Water based treatments are suitable, F10 at 1 in 250 dilution is good for bacterial and fungal skin infections. F10 now also comes in a

Answer 69

- Crystalloid solutions - 5% glucose in saline. - lactated ringer’s, lactate is metabolised to bicarb in the liver which helps reverse acidosis. - Shock treatment is usually an infusion of 30ml/kg to 60ml/kg in the first hour with poor perfusion - then go with previous lecture - When PCV falls below 20% in acute disease or below 12% in chronic disease a colloid with O2 carrying capacity should be chosen eg oxyglobin.

Answer 70

- Commonly used in birds due to respiratory and air sac system - Secondary disease may also be from prolonged antibiotic use, some birds are prone to aspergillosis and this may even be secondary to hypovitaminosis A ○ If treating young bird for antibiotics need to give antifungals to prevent thrush 1) Nystatin is great for GI infections. 2) Newer generation drugs such as voriconazole are giving better results for aspergillosis and seem to have better efficacy.

Answer 71

Corticosteriods - Birds are very sensitive to the effects of corticosteroids, especially immunosuppression - DON'T USE Water medication Advantages 1. Owners don't have to hold the bird medicate them 2. Flavoured medications in liquid forms so enjoy 3. Can give in small volumes Disadvantages - If doesn't like the taste of the medication will not drink the water

Answer 72

common with aviculture due to breeding 1. Egg binding 2. Prolapse oviduct 3. Egg peritonitis 4. Chronic egg laying

Answer 73

about diets, crop feeding the frequency of feeding if hand rearing, rate of venting, assess the cleanliness of the environment, warmth, behaviour, consistency of the faeces and urine as well as assessing the parent birds health and environment (even if the bird is being hand reared).

Answer 74

- treat with antibiotics and antifungals ○ Enrofloxacin, penicillins and cephalosporins are usually the best choices of antibiotics, trimethoprim/sulphonamides may cause GI irritation. Doxycyline for psittacosis. - avoid IM injections, for severe bruising, bone and cartilage of the sternum is very soft and easily penetrated. Fluid replacement for a dehydrated chick: Normal BW x (%deficit x 0.001) + maintenance (50ml/kg/day) - Stabilization often depends on warmth and hydration.

Birds 1 Flashcards

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